نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران.

2 دانشیار، گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران.

چکیده

به­منظور بررسی تأثیر مقادیر مختلف نیتروژن استارتر، کاربرد متانول و کودهای زیستی بر گره­زایی، طول دوره پرشدن و عملکرد عدس Lens culinaris L. تحت شرایط دیم، آزمایشی به­صورت فاکتوریل با طرح پایه بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در مزرعه­ای در اردبیل در سال زراعی 98-1397 اجرا شد. عامل­های مورد بررسی شامل نیتروژن استارتر در سه سطح (بدون نیتروژن، کاربرد 25 و50 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار از منبع اوره)، کودهای ­زیستی در چهار سطح (عدم استفاده، کاربرد ریزوبیوم لگومینوزاروم، کاربرد میکوریز، کاربرد توأم ریزوبیوم لگومینوزاروم با میکوریز) و کاربرد متانول در سه سطح (محلول‌پاشی با آب، کاربرد متانول 15 و 30 درصد حجمی) بودند. مقایسه میانگین­ها نشان داد بیش‌ترین تعداد و وزن گره در بوته (به­ترتیب72/12 عدد و 59/11 میلی­گرم در بوته)، سرعت پرشدن دانه (45/1 میلی­گرم در روز)، طول دوره و دوره مؤثر پرشدن دانه (به­ترتیب 17/35 و 91/29 روز)، تعداد نیام در بوته (43/34) و عملکرد دانه (1530 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در کاربرد توأم ریزوبیوم لگومینوزاروم با میکوریز، محلول­پاشی30 درصد حجمی متانول و50 کیلوگرم نیتروژن استارتر در هکتار به­دست آمد. تعداد گره، سرعت پرشدن دانه، دوره مؤثر پرشدن دانه و عملکرد دانه به­ترتیب از افزایش 210، 64/25، 76/45 و 103 درصدی در مقایسه با عدم کاربرد کودهای زیستی، نیتروژن و عدم محلول­پاشی با متانول برخوردار بود. براساس نتایج این بررسی کاربرد توأم کودهای زیستی (میکوریز و ریزوبیوم) و محلول‌پاشی30 درصد حجمی متانول با 50 کیلوگرم نیتروژن استارتر در هکتار، می­تواند در بهبود عملکرد عدس تحت شرایط دیم پیشنهاد شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of Starter Nitrogen, Methanol and Bio fertilizers Application on Yield, Nodulation and Grain Filling Period of Rainfed Lentil

نویسندگان [English]

  • Raouf Seyed sharif 1
  • reza seyed sharifi 2

1 Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.

چکیده [English]

In order to study the effects of various rates of starter nitrogen, methanol, and bio fertilizers on nodulation, grain filling period, and yield of lentil (Lens culinaris L.) under rainfed condition, an experiment has been carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications under field condition in Ardabil in 2018-2019. The factors include starter nitrogen in three levels (no nitrogen and N application of 25 and 50 kg/ha) by urea, bio fertilizers in four levels (without bio fertilizers, application of Rhizobium legominosarum, mycorrhiza and both application of mycorrhiza with Rhizobium legominosarum), application of methanol at three levels (foliar application with water and methanol applications of 15 and 30 volume percent). Means comparision show that the maximum  number and weight of nodules per plant (12.72 and 11.59 mg per plant, respectively), grain filling rate (1.45 mg/day), grain filling period and effective grain filling period (35.17 and 29.91 days, respectively), number of pod per plant (34.43), and grain yield (1530 kg/ha) have been obtained at both applications of mycorrhiza with Rhizobium legominosarum, foliar application of 30 volume percent of methanol, and 50 kg/ha of starter nitrogen. The treatments display an increase of about 210%, 25.64%, 45.76%, and 103% in the number of nodules per plant, grain filling rate, effective grain filling period, and grain yield, respectively, in comparison with the control (no application of nitrogen, methanol, and bio fertilizers). Based on the results from this study, both applications of bio fertilizers (mycorrhiza with Rhizobium legominosarum) and foliar application of 30 volume percent of methanol with 50 kg/ha starter nitrogen are recommended to improve grain yield of lentil under rainfed condition.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Biofertilizers
  • Mycorrhiza
  • Rhizobium legominosarum
  • rainfed condition
  • Urea
Abtahi, S.M., Seyed Sharifi, & Qaderi, F. (2014). Influence of nitrogen fertilizer rates and seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on yield, fertilizer use efficiency, rate and effective grain filling period of soybean (Glycine max L.) in second cropping. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 3(24), 112-124. (In Persian)
Albayrak, S., Sevimay, C.S., & Tongel, O. (2006). Effect of inoculation with rhizobium on seed yield and yield components of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.). Turkish Journal of Agricultural Forestry, 30, 31-37.
Amany, A.B. (2007). Effect of plant density and urea foliar application on yield and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Science, 3(4), 220-223.
Antunes, P.M., Deaville, D., & Goss, M.J. (2006). Effect of two AMF life strategies on tripartite symbiosis with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and soybean. Mycorrhiza, 16, 167-173. Doi: 10.1007/s00572-005-0028-3.
Arnon, A.N. (1967). Method of extraction of chlorophyll in the plants. Agronomy Journal, 23, 112-121.
Behl, R.K., Sharma, H., Kumar, V., & Narula, N. (2003). Interaction between mycorrhiza, Azotobacter chroococcum and root characteristics of wheat varieties. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 89, 151-155. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-037X.2003.00026.x
Beck, D.P., Materon, L.A., & Afandi, F. (1993). Practical rhizobium legume technology manual, Technical Manual No: 19. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria, pp. 1-54.
Bethlenfalvay, G.J, Camel, S.B., & Ferrera- Cerrato, R. (1991). Nutrient transfer between the root zones of soybean and maize plants connected by a common mycorrhizal mycelium. Physiolgy Plant, 82, 423-432. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1991.tb02928.x
Chandrasekhar, B.R., Ambrose, G., & Jayabalan, N. (2005). Influence of biofertilizer and nitrogen source level on the growth and yield of Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link. Journal of Agricultural Technology, 1(2), 223 -234. 
Cho, D.S., Jong, S.K., Park, Y.K., & Son, S.Y. (1987). Studies on the duration and rate of grain filling in rice (Oryza sativa L.). I. Varietal difference and effects of nitrogen. Korean Journal of Crop Science, 32(1), 103-111.
Dawood, M.G., El-Lethy, S.R., & Sadak, M.S. (2013). Role of methanol and yeast in improving growth, yield, nutritive value and antioxidants of soybean. World Applied Sciences Journal, 26(1), 6-14. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.26.01.13476
Demir, S. (2004). Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal on some physiological‚ growth parameters of pepper. Turkish Journal of Biology, 28, 85-90.
Ellis, R.H., & Pieta-Filho, C. (1992). The development of seed quality spring and winter cultivars of barley and wheat. Seed Science Research, 2, 19-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960258500001057
 Erskine, W., Muehlbauer, F.J., & Short, R.W. (1990). Stages of Development in Lentil. Experimental Agriculture, 26(3): 297-302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479700018457
Gianinazzi, S., Schuepp, H., Barea, J.M., & Haselwandter, K. (2001). Mycorrhizall technology in agriculture: from genes to bioproducts. Birkhauser, Basel. ISBN: 376436858. Also in: Mycorrhizal. 13, 53-54. Lovato, P. Book  review.
Gout, E., Aubert, S., Bligny, R., Rebeille, F., Nonomura, A.R., Benson, A., & Douce, R. (2000) Metabolism of methanol in plant cells. Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Plant Physiology, 123, 287-296. DOI: 10.1104/pp.123.1.287
Hadi, H., Seyed Sharifi, R., & Namvar, A. (2015). Phytoprotectants and Abiotic Stress.Urmia University. 452 pp. (In Persian).
Hossinzadeh, S.R., Salimi, A., & Ganjeali, A. (2011). Effects of methanol on morphological characteristics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under drought stress. Environmental Stresses and Crop Science, 4, 139-150. (In Persian)
Kaneez, F., Nazir, A.P., & Mohd, M. (2013). Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on growth and yield of lentil (Lens culinaris). Applied Botany, 57, 14323-14325.
Kheirizadeh Arough, Y., Seyed Sharifi, R., Sedghi, M., & Barmaki, M. (2015). Effects of stabilizer water deficiet (biofertilizers and nano zinc oxide) on effective traits at accumulative assimilate of grain of triticale under water withholding. Plant Ecophysiology, 9(28), 37-51. (In Persian)
Murchie, E.H., Yang, J., Hubbart, S., Horton, P., & Peng, S. (2002). Are there associations between grain-filling rate and photosynthesis in the flag leaves of field grown rice. Journal of European Science, 53, 2217-2224. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erf064
Murkovic, M., Hillebrand, A., Winker H., & Pfannhauser, W. (1996). Variability of vitamin E content in pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo L.). Z. Lebensm. Unters Forsch, 202, 275-278. doi: 10.1007/BF01206096
 Namvar , A., Seyed Sharifi, R., Sedghi, M., Khandan, T., & Eskandarpour, B. (2011). Study on the effects of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer on yield, yield components, and nodulation state of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 42(9), 1097-1109. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2011.562587
Nonomura, A.M., & Benson, A.A (1992) The path to carbon in photosynthesis: introved crop yields with methanol. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the United States of America the Academy, 89, 9794-9798. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.20.9794
Noori, S.H., Kashani, A., Nabipour, M., & Mamghani, R. (2005). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer application on yield and yield components of faba bean cultivars in Ahvaz climatic conditions. Proceeding of the 1st Iranian Pulses Symposium. Nov. 20-21, 2005. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. p. 419-422. (In Persian)
Peoples, M.B., Bowman, R.R., Gault,D.F., Herridge,M.H., McCallum, K.M.,McCormick, Scammell, G.J., & Schwenke, G.D. (2001). Factors regulating the contributions of fixed nitrogen by pasture and crop legumes to different farming systems of eastern Australia. Plant and Soil, 228, 29-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004799703040
Ramberg, H.A., Bradly, J.S.S., Olseon, I.S/C/, Nishio, J.N., Markwell, J., & Osterman, J.C. (2002). The role of menthal in promithing plant groeth: an update, Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 1, 113-126.
Ronanini, D., Savin, R., & Hal, A.J. (2004). Dynamic of fruit growth and oil quality of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) exposed to brief interval of high temperature during grain filling. Field Crop Reserch, 83, 79-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(03)00064-9
Rudresh,  D.L., Shivaprakash,  M.K., &  Prasad,  R.D. (2005) Effect of combined application of Rhizobium, phosphate solubilizing bacterium and Trichoderma spp. on growth, nutrient uptake and yield of chickpea  (Cicer aritenium L.). Applied Soil Ecological, 28, 139-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2004.07.005
Sarker, A., & Kumar, S. (2011). Lentils in production and food systems in west Asia and Africa. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria. Grain Legume, 57, 46-48.
Seiedi, M.N., & Seyed Sharifi, R. (2014). The effects of seed inoculation with rhizobium and nitrogen application on yield and some agronomic characterstics of soybean (Glycine max L.) under Ardabil condition. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 11(4), 618-628. (In Persian)
Sepetoglu, H. (2002). Grain Legumes. Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agric, Univ of Ege Pupl. 24/4, Izmir, Turkey.
Seyed Sharifi, R., Abtahi, S.M., & Ghaseminegad, P. (2016). Integrated fertilization systems effects on yield, nodulation state and fatty acids composition of soybean. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 86(6), 51-60.
Seyed Sharifi, R., & Namvar, A. (2016). Biofertilizers in Agronomy. University of Mohaghrgh Ardabili press. 282 p. (In Persian)
Seyed Sharifi, R. (2016). Application of biofertilizers and zinc increases yield, nodulation and unsaturated fatty acids of soybean (Glycine max L.). Journal of Zemdirbyste-Agriculture, 3(103), 73-78. DOI : 10.13080/z-a.2016.103.032
Seyed Sharifi1, R., & Seyed Sharifi, R. (2019). Effects of different irrigation levels, methanol application, and nano iron oxide on yield and grain filling components of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), Journal of Crops Improvement, 21 (1), 27-42. DOI: 10.22059/JCI.2018.264647.2079
Simova-Stoilova, L., Demirevska, K., Petrova, T., Tsenov, N., & Feller, U. (2008) Antioxidative protection in wheat varieties under severe recoverable drought at seedling stage. Plant Soil Environment, 54, 529-536. DOI: 10.17221/427-PSE
Soltani, A. (1998). Application of SAS statistical analysis (in Agriculture). Jahad Daneshgahi Mashhad Press. 188 pp. (In Persian)
Starling, M.E, Wood, C.W., & Weaver, D.B. (1998). Starter nitrogen and growth habit effects on late-planted soybean. Agronomy  Journal, 90, 658-662.
Tsuno, Y., Yamaguchi, T., & Nakano, J. (1994). Potential dry matter production and grain filling process of rice plant from the viewpoint of source-sink relationships and the role of root respiration in its relationship. Bull. Faculty of Agricultural. Tottori University, 47, 1-10.
Walley, F.L., Boahen, S. G., Hnatowich, K., & Stevenson, C. (2005). Nitrogen and phosphorus fertility management for desi and kabuli chickpea. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 85, 73-79.
Wang, Y., & Oyaizu, H. (2009). Evaluation of the phytoremediation potential of four plant species for dibenzofuran-contaminated soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 168(2), pp.760-764.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.082
 Werner, D., & Newton, W.E. (2005). Nitrogen fixation in agriculture, forestry, ecology and environment. Published  by  Springer. pp: 347.
Wright, D.P., Scholes, J.D., & Read, D.J. (1998). Effects of VA mycorrhizal colonization on photosynthesis and biomass production of trifolium repense L. Plant, Cell and Environment, 21, 209-216. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00280.x