نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد، گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

2 دانش آموخته کارشناسی‌ارشد، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ابهر، زنجان، ایران

3 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

چکیده

نعناع فلفلی یکی از مهم‎ترین گیاهان دارویی و معطر دنیاست که مقدار اسانس آن از نقطه‎ای به نقطه دیگر در اثر کوددهی، سایه‎اندازی، آبیاری و دوره نوردهی تغییر می‎کند. به‎منظور بررسی تأثیر سطوح مختلف سایه‎اندازی و نیتروژن بر رشد و عمکلرد اسانس این گیاه، آزمایشی به‎صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار در دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه زنجان در سال زراعی 94-1393 انجام شد. فاکتور سایه‎اندازی در چهار سطح (S0: بدون سایه‎اندازی، S25: 25 درصد ، S50: 50 درصد و S75: 75 درصد سایه‎اندازی) و فاکتور نیتروژن نیز در چهار سطح (N1: بدون نیتروژن، N2:60، N3:120 و N4: mg/kg 180 نیتروژن) فاکتورهای آزمایش را تشکیل می‎دادند. نتایج نشان داد که بیش‎ترین تعداد برگ در بوته (936)، سطح برگ (mm2 1688)، شاخص کلروفیل (32/51)، میزان اسانس (455/2 درصد وزنی-وزنی) و عملکرد اسانس (g/box 37/0) در تیمار S25N3 دیده شدند. بیش‎ترین وزن خشک بخش هوایی در تیمار S50N4 به‎دست آمد که تیمار S25N3 با اختلاف 36/8 درصد در رتبه دوم قرار گرفت. بیش‎ترین وزن خشک برگ در تیمار S25N3 به‎میزان g/box 55/11 مشاهده گردید. تیمارهای اعمال شده بر ارتفاع گیاه و تعداد شاخه فرعی تأثیر معنی‎دار نداشتند. لذا جهت نیل به حداکثر درصد و عملکرد اسانس و هم‎چنین تعداد برگ در بوته و سطح برگ به‎منظور بازارپسندی جهت مصارف خوراکی نعناع فلفلی، استفاده از 25 درصد سایه‎اندازی به‎همراه کاربرد mg/kg120 نیتروژن توصیه می‎شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of shadow and different levels of nitrogen on growth and essential oil content of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ahmad Golchin 1
  • Faezeh Farahmand Mofrad 2
  • Nader Khadem Moghadam Igdelou 3

1 Professor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran

2 Former M.Sc. Student, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Abhar Azad University, Zanjan, Iran

3 Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran

چکیده [English]

Peppermint is an important medicinal and aromatic plant which its oil content varies from one region to another region and as a function of fertilization, shadow, irrigation, and photoperiod. In order to study the effect of different levels of shadow and nitrogen on growth and oil performance of this plant, a factorial experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with three replications in the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan during the 2014-2015 cropping season. The experimental factors were, shadow factor in four levels (S0: without shadow, S25: 25%, S50: 50%, and S75: 75% shadow) and nitrogen factor as Urea in four levels (N1: without nitrogen, N2:60, N3:120, and N4:180 mg N/kg). The results showed that the highest number of leaves per plant (936), leaf surface area (1688mm2), chlorophyll index (51.32), essential oil content (2.455%), and essential oil yield (0.37 g/box) were obtained from the S25N3 treatment. The highest shoot dry weight was measured in the S50N4 treatment and the S25N3 treatment with 8.36% difference stood in the second place. The highest leaf dry weight was observed in S25N3 (11.55 g/box). Treatments applied to plant height and numbers of branches were not significantly affected. Therefore, to obtain the highest concentration and performance of essential oil in peppermint, as well as to increase the number of leaves per plant and leaf surface area for marketable and edible consumption, the use of 25% shadow and the application of 120 mg/kg nitrogen are recommended.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Chlorophyll
  • dry weight
  • Leaf area
  • Light
  • Urea
Alizadeh, A., Khoshkhui, M., Javidnia, K., Firuzi, O., Tafazoli, E. & Khalighi, A. (2010). Effects of fertilizer on yield, essential oil composition, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in Satureja hortensis L. (Lamiaceae) cultivated in Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(1), 033-040.
Bhardwaj, S. D. & Kaushal, A. N. (1989). Effect of nitrogen levels and harvesting management on quality of essential oil in peppermint cultivars. Indian Perfumer, 33(3), 182-195.
Bremner, J. M. & Mulvaney, C. S. (1996). Nitrogen total. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. Page, A. L., Miller, R. H. and Keeney, D. R., (eds.). Soil Science Society of America, Inc. American Society of Agronomy, Inc. Madison, WI, pp. 1085-1122.
Brown, B. (2003). Mint soil fertility research in the PNW. In Western Nutrient Management Conf. USA, 5(3), 54-60.
Clevenger, J.F. (1928). Apparatus for determination of essential oil. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 17, 346-349. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.3080170407
Cohen, S., Raveh, E., Li, Y., Grava, A. & Goldschmidt, E. E. (2005). Physiological responses of leaves, tree growth and fruit yield of grape fruit trees under reflective shade screens. Scientia Horticulturae, 107(1), 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2005.06.004
Court, W. A., Roy, R. C., Pocs, R., More, A. F. & White, P. H. (1993). Optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate for peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) in Ontario. Canada. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 5(6), 663-666. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698301
Darabi, F., Hatami, A., Zarea, M. J. & Naseri, R. (2015). Effect of Shading on some Important Physiological Traits in Lentil Crop. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 9(33), 109-122. (in Persian)
Darabi, F., Hatami, A., Zarea, M. J. & Naseri, R. (2016). Investigation of important morphological traits and grain yield of lentil under shading and bio-priming. Iranian journal of Pulses Research, 7(1), 145-160. (in Persian)
Dastborhan, S., Zehtab-Salmasi, S., Nasrollahzadeh, S. & Tavassoli, A. R. (2011). Effect of biofertilizers and different amounts of nitrogen on yield of flower and essential oil and nitrogen use efficiency of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 27(3), 290-305. (in Persian)
Fails, B. S., Lewis, A. J. & Barden, J. A. (1982). Net photosynthesis and transpiration of sun-and shade-grown Ficus benjamina leaves. Journal American Society for Horticultural Science. 107, 758-761.
Farzaneh, A., Ghani, A. & Azizi, M. (2010). The effect of water stress on morphological characteristic and essential oil content of improved sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Journal of Plant Production Research, 17(1), 103-111. (in Persian)
Fiorucci, A. S. & Fankhauser, C. (2017). Plant strategies for enhancing access to sunlight. Current Biology, 27(17), 931-940. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.085
Franklin, K. A. (2008). Shade avoidance. New Phytologist, 179(4), 930-944. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02507.x
Gee, G. W. & Bauder, J. W. (1986). Physical and mineralogical methods. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1. Klute, A., (Ed.). Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA, pp. 383-411.
Hadi, H., Ghassemi-Golezani, K., Rahimzade Khoei, F., Valizadeh, M. & Shakiba, M. R. (2006). Responses of common bean (Phaseulus vulgaris L.) to different levels of shade. Journal of Agronomy, 5(4): 595-599. DOI: 10.3923/ja.2006.595.599
Hemke, P. H. & Spark, D. L. (1996). Potassium. In: Method of soil analysis. Sparks, DL, Soil Science Society of America, Inc. American Society of Agronomy, Inc. Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 551-574.
Hokmalipour, S. (2011). The study of phyllochron and leaf appearance rate in three cultivar of maize (Zea mays L.) at nitrogen fertilizer levels. World Applied Sciences Journal, 12, 850-856.
Hokmalipour, S. (2017). Evaluate the effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and some agronomic and physiological traits of medicinal plant of Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Plant Ecophysiology, 9(28), 133-144. (in Persian)
Izadi, Z., Ahmadvand, G., Esna-Ashari, M. & Piri, M. (2011). The effect of nitrogen and plant density on some growth characteristics, yield and essential oil in peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 8(5), 824-836. (in Persian)
Izhar, M., Khan, M., Yasmin, T. & Zahid, N. Y. (2015). Differential effect of fertilizers on menthol contents in mint (Mentha arvensis). American Research Journal of Agriculture, 1(1), 55-60. DOI:10.21694/2378-9018.15015
Kokkini, S., Karousou, D. & Vokou, D. (2005). Pattern of geographic variation of Organum trichumes and essential oil content in sweet basil. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 28, 209-217.
Kothari, S., Singh, V. P., Wheelerand, M. & Stephens, C. (2000). The effect of row spacing and nitrogen fertilization on (Mentha arvensis L.). Journal of Essential Oil Research, 7(1), 279-289. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698521
Lindsay, W. L. & Norvell, W. A. (1978). Development of a DTPA Soil Test for Zinc, Iron, Manganese, and Copper. Soil science society of America journal, 42(3), 421-428. DOI:10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200030009x
Loeppert, R. H. & suarez, D. L. (1996). Carbonate and gypsum, In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part3-Chemical Methods. Sparks, D. L., Page, A. L., Sumner, M. E., Tabatabai, M. A. and Helmke, P. A., (Ed.). Soil Science Society of America Inc., Madison, WI, USA. (pp. 437-474).
Machiani, M. A., Javanmard, A., Morshedloo, M. R. & Maggi, F. (2018). Evaluation of yield, essential oil content and compositions of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) intercropped with faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Journal of cleaner production, 171, 529-537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.062
Mehrafarin, A., Naghdi Badi, H., Poorhadi, M., Hadavi, E., Qavami, N. & Kadkhoda, Z. (2011). Phytochemical and Agronomical Response of Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) to Bio-fertilizers and Urea Fertilizer Application. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 4(40), 107-118. (in Persian)
Nasri, M. & Khalatbari, M. (2015). The effect of different values of nitrogen, potassium and zinc fertilizers on physiological characteristics of Green Bean (Phaseolous vulgaris gen. Sunray) in Iran. In Biological Forum, 7(2), 467-472.
Nasrollah-Zadeh, S., Ghassemi-Golezani, K. & Raey, Y. (2010). Evaluation of the relationship of shading with growth and grain yield of faba bean. Journal of Agricultural Science, 21(3), 75-87. (in Persian)
Nelson, D. W. & Sommers, L. E. (1982). Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. Sparks, D. L., Page, A.L., Helmke, P.A., Loeppert, R.H., Soltanpour, P.N., Tabatabai, M.A., Johnston, C.T. and Sumner, M.E., (Eds.). Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp. 539-579.
Nezami, S., Nemati, S.H., Arouei, H. & Bagheri, A. (2016). Effect of soil moisture regimes under controlled conditions on growth and biomass in Mentha species. Journal of Plant Production Research, 23(2), 51-72. (in Persian)
Olsen, S. R. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. United States Department of Agriculture. Washington.
Peter, K. V. (2012). Handbook of herbs and spices. Elsevier, New Delhi, India.
Poshtdar, A., Abdali Mashhadie, A. R., Moradi, F. & Siadat, S. A. (2016). Effect of source and rate of nitogen fertilizer on yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 18(1), 13-31. (in Persian)
Preedy, V. R. (2015). Essential oils in food preservation, flavor and safety. Academic Press, San Diego, USA.
Prioul, J. L., Brangeon, J. & Reyss, A. (1980). Interaction between external and internal conditions in the development of photosynthetic features in a grass leaf: I. Regional responses along a leaf during and after low-light or high-light acclimation. Plant Physiology, 66(4), 762-769. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.66.4.762
Raie Dehaghi, H., Razmjoo, J., Sabzalian, M. R. & Arzani, A. (2015). The effect of shade on Physiol- Morphplogical characteristics and essential oil of Mint. Journal of Plant Process and Function, 4(13), 57-69. (in Persian)
Rioba, N. B., Itulya, F. M., Saidi, M., Dudai, N. & Bernstein, N. (2015). Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and irrigation frequency on essential oil content and composition of sage (Salvia officinalis L.). Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2(1), 21-29. DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2015.01.003
Ruminska, A. & Nieweglowska, A. (1965). Influence of shading of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) on some of its morphological features, on the yield and content of volatile oil and reducing sugars. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica, 22, 480-487.
Telci, I., Kacar, O., Bayram, E., Arabacı, O., Demirtaş, İ., Yılmaz, G., Özcan, I, Sönmez, C. & Göksu, E. (2011). The effect of ecological conditions on yield and quality traits of selected peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) clones. Industrial Crops and Products, 34(1), 1193-1197. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.04.010
White, P. J. & Brown, P. H. (2010). Plant nutrition for sustainable development and global health. Annals of botany, 105(7), 1073-1080. DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq085
Yazdani, D., Jamshidi, A. & Mojab, F. (2002) Comparison on menthol content of cultivated peppermint at different regions of Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 3(3), 73-77. (in Persian)
Yeşil, M. & Kara, K. (2016). The effects of different nitrogen and phosphorus doses on essential oil components of some Mentha genotypes. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 40(6), 882-893. DOI: 10.3906/tar-1604-4
Zeinali, H., Hosseini, H. & Shirzadi, M. H. (2014). Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and harvest time on agronomy, essential oil and menthol of Mentha piperita L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 30(3), 486-495. (in Persian)
Zeinali, H., Hosseini, H. & Shirzadi, M. H. (2014). Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and harvest time on agronomy, essential oil and menthol of Mentha piperita L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 30(3), 486-495. (in Persian)