نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار، گروه علوم و مهندسی محیط‌زیست، دانشکده کشاورزی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه اراک، اراک، ایران.

چکیده

جبران کمبود آب در بخش کشاورزی نیازمند بهره‌گیری از روش‌های صحیح مدیریت زراعی می‌باشد. هدف از اجرای این آزمایش بررسی اثرهای سطوح کم‌آبیاری براساس نیاز آبی گیاه سورگوم بر صفات کمی و کیفی الگوی کشت مخلوط سورگوم (Sorghum bicolor L.) و یونجه‌حلزونی (Medicago scutellata L.) بود. این آزمایش به‌صورت کرت‌های خردشده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار طی دو سال زراعی 98-97 و 97-96 در کرمانشاه اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل سطوح آبیاری 50، 75، 100 و 125 درصد (به‌عنوان کرت‌های اصلی) و نسبت‌های کشت خالص سورگوم، کشت خالص یونجه‌حلزونی، کشت 100 درصد سورگوم توأم با سری‌های افزایشی 50، 75 و 100 درصد یونجه‌حلزونی‌ (به‌عنوان کرت‌های فرعی) بود. براساس نتایج آزمایش بیش‌ترین عملکرد علوفه تر و خشک (به‌ترتیب 45/53578 و 68/13302 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در کشت 100 سورگوم+ 100 یونجه‌‌حلزونی و در تیمار 125 درصد نیازآبی حاصل شد که علاوه بر استفاده مؤثر از زمین (نسبت برابری زمین 29/1)، افزایش 82/834 کیلوگرم در هکتار علوفه تر و 36/63 کیلوگرم علوفه خشک را در مقایسه با کشت خالص سورگوم با نیاز آبی 125 درصد در پی داشت. با کاهش سهم یونجه‌حلزونی در مخلوط، میزان پروتئین 05/11 درصد کاهش یافت. هم‌چنین بیش‌ترین درصد خاکستر خام (79/11 درصد) و ماده خشک قابل هضم علوفه (04/81 درصد) در علوفه در تیمار کشت خالص سورگوم و بیش‌ترین درصد الیاف غیرمحلول در شوینده اسیدی در الگوی کشت خالص یونجه‌حلزونی (94/30 درصد) مشاهده شد. به­طورکلی ممکن است که کشت مخلوط سورگوم با یونجه‌حلزونی (تراکم 100:100)، علاوه بر بهبود کمی و کیفی علوفه، افزایش بهره‌وری آب را نیز در پی داشته باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of quantitative and qualitative yield of forage from additive series of snail medic in intercropping with sorghum under low irrigation condition

نویسنده [English]

  • Saeed Sharafi

Assistant Professor, Department of Environment Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak, Iran

چکیده [English]

Compensating water shortage requires the use of proper agricultural management methods. Thus, the present experiment aims at investigating different irrigation levels based on water requirement of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) on qualitative and quantitative yield of forage produced by combined cropping patterns of sorghum and snail medic (Medicago scutellata L.). The experiment is conducted in split plots design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications in two years (2017-2018 and 2018-2019). The treatments include irrigation levels of 50%, 75%, 100%, and 125% (as the main plot) and cropping patterns sole-cropping sorghum, sole-cropping snail medic, cropping pattern of 100% sorghum with additive series of 50%, 75%, and 100% snail medic (as the subplot). Results show that the highest fresh and dry forage yield are obtained in 125% water requirement as well as 100% sorghum and 100% snail medic (with 53578.45 and 13302.68 kg ha-1). In addition to the effective application of land (land equivalent ratio = 1.29), fresh and dry forage yield have increased by 834 and 63.36 kg ha-1, respectively. The analysis of forage quality show that with a decrease in the portion of the snail medic, the percentage of protein has decreased by 11.05%. Also, the highest percentage of crude ash and digestible matter have been obtained in the treatment of sorghum sole cropping (11.79% and 81.04%, respectively) and the highest percentage of acid detergent fiber in the treatment of snail medic sole cropping (30.94%). According to the results, it is possible that the use of crop with low water requirements like snail medic in mix cropping system (100:100) increases the quality and quantity of forage, boosting water productivity as well.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Additive intercropping
  • Crop water productivity
  • Forage yield
  • Protein percentage
  • Land equivalent ratio
Abedi, T., & Pakniyat, H. (2010). Antioxidant enzyme changes in response to drought stress in ten cultivars of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 46, 27-34. https://doi.org/10.17221/67/2009-CJGPB.
Alizadeh, A. (2004). Soil, water, plant relationship (4th Ed.). University of Imam Reza Press. pp. 470. (In Persian).
AOAC. (2000). Association of official analytical chemists. Official methods of analysis, 17th ed., Arlington, VA.
Arzani, H. (2011). Quality of forage and the daily requirement of grazing livestock from pasture. Publication of Tehran University. (In Persian).
Barati, S., Bassiri, M., Vahabi, M. R., Mosaddeghi, M. R., & Tarkesh, M. (2015). Yield evaluation of Medicago sativa L. and Bromus tomentellus Boiss. in mono-cropping and intercropping. Journal of Rangeland, 8(4), 318-327. (In Persian).
Bedoussac, L., & Justes, E. (2011). A comparison of commonly used indices for evaluating species interactions and intercrop efficiency: Application to durum wheat–winter pea intercrops. Field Crops Research, 124(1), 25-36.
Bybee-Finley, K., & Ryan, M. (2018). Advancing intercropping research and practices in industrialized agricultural landscapes. Agriculture, 8, 1-24. doi:10.3390/agriculture8060080
Dhima, K. V., Lithourgidis, A. A., Vasilakoglou, I. B., & Dordas, C.A. (2007). Competition indices of
Dubois, M., Gilles, K. A., Hamilton, J. K., Rebes, P. A., & Smith, F. (1956). Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Annual Chemistry, 28, 350-356.
Eskandari, H., & Alizadeh-Amraie, A. (2016). Evaluation of growth and species composition of weeds in maize-cowpea intercropping based on additive series under organic farming condition. Journal of Agroecology, 8(2), 227-240. (In Persian).
EyshiRezaee, A., Rezvani Moghadam, P., Khazaee, F. H., & Mohammad Abadi, P. (2011). Effect of density and pattern of mixed cultivars of millet and soybean on yield performance and their forage components. Journal of Iranian Crop Researches, 9(1), 50-59. (In Persian).
Forouzandeh, M., Fanoudi, M., Arazmjou, E., & Tabiei, H. (2012). Effect of drought stress and types of fertilizers on the quantity and quality of medicinal plant Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Indian Journal of Innovations and Developments, 1(10), 734-737. ‏
Ghalenoee, S., Koocheki, A., Poryazdi, M., & Jahan, M. (2017). Effect of different treatments on row crop and mixed of sesame and bean Yield and Yield Components. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 15(3), 588-602. (In Persian).
Huňady, I., & Hochman, M. (2014). Potential of legume-Cereal intercropping for increasing yields and yield stability for self-sufficiency with animal fodder in organic farming. Czech Journal Genetic Plant Breeding, 50(2), 185-194.
Iglesias, A., & Garrote, L. (2015). Adaptation strategies for agricultural water management under climate change in Europe. Agricultural Water Management, 155, 113-124.
Javanmard, A., Rostami, A., Nourain, M., & Gharakhani, G. (2016). Agronomic, ecological and economic evaluation of mixed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivation with chickpea (Cicer arietnium L.) under dryland conditions of Maragheh. Agricultural Knowledge and Sustainable Production, 26(1), 19-37. (In Persian).
Javanmard, A., & Eskandari, H. (2014). Examination of some competitive parameters and quality of forage in different patterns of maize crop cultivation with cluster flowers, beans, dill and clover. Journal of Crop Production, 7(3), 89-108.
Khajeh Khezri, A., Rezaei Estakhroeih, A., & Golestani Kermani, S. (2018). Evaluating the effects of alternative and regulated deficit irrigation on yield and some components in intercropping (Sorghum–Red bean). Irrigation Sciences and Engineering, 41(2), 77-92. (In Persian)
Mikic, A., Cupina, B., Rubiales, D., Mihailovic, V., Sarunaite, L., Fustec, J., Antanasovic, S., Krstic, D., Bedoussac, L., Zoric, L., Dordevic, V., Peric, V., & Srebric, M. (2015). Models, developments, and perspectives of mutual legume intercropping. Advances in Agronomy, 130, 337- 419.
Molden, D. (1997). Accounting for water use and productivity. SWIM Paper 1. International Irrigation Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 16 pp.
Moradi, P., Asghari, J., Mohsenabadi, G., & Samiezadeh, H. (2015). Role of triple intercropping system in weeds control and Naked-Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) yield. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 93, 17-31. (In Persian).
Monti, M., Pellicano, A., Santonoceto, C., Preiti, G., & Pristeri, A. (2016). Yield components and nitrogen use in cereal- pea intercrops in Mediterranean environment. Field Crops Research, 196, 379-388.
Nabati Nasaz, M., Gholipoori, A., & Mostafavi Rad, M. (2016). Evaluation of forage yield and some corn traits (Zea mays L.) under the influence of mixed cultivations with peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) and nitrogen levels. Journal of Agroecology, 8(1), 70- 81. (In Persian).
Pellicano, A., Romeo, M., Pristeri, A., Preiti, G., & Monti, M.(2015).Cereal-pea intercrops to improve sustainability in bioethanol production. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 35, 827-835.
Paudel, M.N. (2016). Multiple cropping for raising productivity and farm income if small farmers. Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council, 37-45.
Pooramir, F., Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M., & Ghorbani, R. (2010). Evaluation of yield and yield components in sesame and pea intercropping replacement series. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(5), 757-747.
Sanderson, M. A., Brink, G., Stout, R., & Ruth, L. (2013). Grass–legume proportions in forage seed mixtures and effects on herbage yield and weed abundance. Agronomy Journal, 105(5), 1289-1297. doi:10.2134/agronj2013.0131.
SAS Institute. (2009). The SAS system for Windows Release 9.2. SAS Institute, Cary NC.
Salehi, Z., Amirnia, R., Rezaeichiyaneh, I., & Behrozyar, H. K. (2019). Evaluation of yield and some qualitative traits of forage in intercropping of triticale with annual legumes. Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 28(4), 59-76. (In Persian).
Sharafi, S. (2020a). Effects of different irrigation levels on the qualitative and quantitative performance of forage in the cropping of corn (Zea mays L.) with snail medic (Medicago scutellata L.) in competition with weeds. Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 30(3), 24-42. (In Persian).
Sharafi, S. (2020b). Effect of scarification, stratification, ultrasonic waves and magnetic field in Medicago scutellata Affected by Salinity and Drought Stresses. Final Report of Research Project, Arak University. (In Persian).
Sharafi, S., & Karim, N. M. (2020c). Investigating trend changes of annual mean temperature and precipitation in Iran. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 13, 759-770.
Sharafi, S., Ramroudi, M., Nassiri, M., Galavi, M., & Kamali, G. A. (2016). Role of early warning systems for sustainable agriculture in Iran. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 9, 734-751.
Stoltz, E., & Nadeau, E. (2014). Effects of intercropping on yield, weed incidence, forage quality and soil residual N in organically grown forage maize (Zea mays L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Field Crops Research, 169, 21-29.
Talukder, A. R., Rahman, J., Nahar, L., Rahman, M. M., & Kaiser, N. (2015). Mixed cropping onion with different plant population of sweet gourd. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 8(5), 45-50.
Van Soest, P. J. (1994). Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. In Van Soest, P.J. (ed.) fiber and physicochemical properties of feeds. 2nd ed. Cornell University Press. Ithaca and London. Pp. 140-155.
Vrignon-Brenas, S., Celette, F., Piquet-Pissaloux, A., Jeuffroy, M. H., & David, C. (2016). Early assessment of ecological services provided by forage legumes in relay intercropping. European Journal of Agronomy, 75, 89-98.
Umesh, M. R., Chittapur, B. M., & Jagadeesha, N. (2017). Solar radiation utilization efficiency in cereal-legume intercropping systems. A review. Agricultural Reviews, 38(1), 72-75.