نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموخته دکتری، گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.

2 دانش‌آموخته دکتری، گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود، شاهرود، ایران.

3 استادیار، گروه علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران‏.

4 مربی، گروه علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر سیستم‎های مختلف خاک‌ورزی در شرایط کم‎آبیاری به‌همراه کاربرد کود اوره و ورمی‎کمپوست بر عملکرد کمّی و کیفی کلزا و برآورد مقدار آبشویی نیترات از خاک شنی، آزمایشی به‎صورت کرت‎های دوبار خردشده در قالب بلوک‎های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار و در دو سال زراعی 1398-1396 در مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگل ها و مراتع واقع در استان البرز انجام گرفت. از لحاظ عملکرد دانه و روغن بین سیستم شخم حداقل و شخم معمول تفاوت معنی‎داری وجود نداشت، از طرف دیگر در سیستم بدون شخم عملکرد روغن به‌میزان  22 درصد نسبت به شخم حداقل و 5/21 درصد نسبت به شخم معمول کاهش یافت. کاربرد تلفیقی کود ورمی‎کمپوست و اوره در شرایط آبیاری مطلوب، منجر به افزایش عملکرد روغن (24 درصد نسبت به شاهد) گیاه کلزا شد. در هر سه نظام شخمی بیش‌ترین میزان آبشویی نیتروژن در شرایط کاربرد کود اوره به‌دست آمد، به‌طوری‎که در مقایسه با کاربرد ورمی‎کمپوست و تیمار تلفیقی کود به‌ترتیب 67 و 50 درصد در سیستم بدون شخم، 50 و 36 درصد در شخم حداقل و 49 و 34 درصد در سیستم بدون شخم بیش‌تر بود. تنش کم‎آبی باعث کاهش 6/7 درصدی لینولئیک‌اسید شد. بیش‌ترین میزان اولئیک‌اسید (9/63 درصد) و لینولئیک‌اسید (7/20 درصد) به‎ترتیب در تیمار خاک‌ورزی حداقل× کود تلفیقی و خاک‌ورزی حداکثر× کود اوره مشاهده شد. از نتایج به‌دست‌آمده می‌توان نتیجه گرفت شخم حداقل و جایگزینی کود اوره با ورمی‎کمپوست با کاهش هدررفت نیتروژن و هم‌چنین تعدیل شرایط تنش ناشی از خشکی منجر به افزایش در عملکرد دانه و روغن کلزا می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of Tillage, Irrigation, and Fertility Management on Nitrate Leaching and Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) ‎Quantitative and Qualitative Traits in a Sandy Soil

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ghorban Khodabin 1
  • Mojdeh Sadat Khayat Moghadam 2
  • Shahryar kazemi 3
  • mahsa rafati alashti 4

1 Former Ph.D. Student, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Former Ph.D. Student, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran.

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran.

4 Preceptor, Department of Agriculture science, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

This study investigates the effects of different tillage systems (no-tillage, minimum and conventional), fertilizers (no fertilizer, vermicompost (V), urea (U) and combined urea and vermicompost (VU) and irrigation regimes on various quantitative and qualitative traits of rapeseed, as well as soil nitrate leaching (NL). Field trials have been conducted between 2017 and 2019 in the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands with no significant difference observed for seed and oil yield between the minimum and conventional till systems. However, the no-till system vs. minimum and conventional till decrease these traits by 22% and 21.5%. The combined application of vermicompost and urea under optimal irrigation conditions boosts oil yield by 24%, compared to the control) of rapeseed. Furthermore, across all tillage types, the highest NL is observed where urea was applied. When compared with urea, V and UV treatments decrease the NL by 67% and 50% in no-till plots, 50% and 36% in minimum till plots, and 49% and 34% in conventional till plots, respectively. Deficit irrigation also reduces linoleic acid by 7.6%. In addition, the highest levels of oleic acid (63.9%) and linoleic acid (20.7%) are observed under residual tillage system with combined fertilizer application and the residual tillage system with vermicompost application, respectively The findings indicate that minimum till in combination with VU treatments supports reduced NL over conventional till and urea fertilization practices, while improving rapeseed quantitative and qualitative traits.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Fatty acid
  • seed yield
  • tillage
  • urea
  • vermicompost
Abd El-Lattief, E.A. )2011(. Growth and fodder yield of forage pearl millet in newly cultivated land as affected by date of planting and integrated use of mineral and organic fertilizers. Asian Journal of Crop Science, 3, 35-42.
Aghdam, A.M., Sayfzadeh, S., Shirani rad, A.H., Valadabadi, S.A., & Zakerin, H.R. )2019(. The assessment of water stress and delay cropping on quantitative and qualitative traits of repeseed cultivars. Industrial Crop and Products, 131, 160-165.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.01.051
Agbede, T.M. )2010(. Tillage and fertilizer effects on some soilproperties, leaf nutrient concentrations, growth and sweet potatoyield on an Alfisol in southwestern Nigeria. Soil and Tillage Research, 110, 25-32.
Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., & Smith, M. )1998(. Crop evaportranspiration guidelines for computing crop water requirement. FAO irrigation and Drainage Paper, NO.56, Rome, Italy.
Allen, R.G. )1996(. Assessing integrity of weather data for use in referenceevaportranspiration estimation. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 122(2), 97-106.
Aslam, M.N., Nelson, M.N., Kailis, S.G., Bayliss, K.L., Speijers, J., & Cowling, W.A. )2009(. Canola oil increases in polyunsaturated fatty acids and decreases in oleic acid indrought-stressedMediterranean-typeenvironments. 2008. Plant Breeding.128(4), 348-355. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0523. 2008.01577.x
Basso, B., & Ritchie, J. T. )2005(. Impact of compost, manure and inorganic fertilizer on nitrate leaching and yield for a 6-year maize–alfalfa rotation in Michigan. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 108(4), 329-341.
Bates, P.D., Stymne, S., & Ohlrogge, J. )2013(. Biochemical pathways in seed oil synthesis. Current Oponion in Plant Biology, 16(3), 358-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2013.02.015
Behera, S.K., & Panda, R.K. (2009). Effect of fertilization and irrigation schedule on water and fertilizer solute transport for wheat crop in a sub-humid sub-tropical region. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 130, 141-155.
Buerstmayr, H., Krenn, N., Stephan, U., Grausgruber, H., & Zechner, E. )2007(. Agronomic performance and quality of oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes of worldwide origin produced under Central Europeangrowing conditions. Field crops research. 101, 343-351. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2006.12.011
Díaz-López, L., Gimeno, V., Simón, I., Martínez, V., Rodríguez-Ortega, W.M., & García-Sánchez, F. )2012(. Jatropha curcas seedlings show a water conservation strategy under drought conditions based on decreasing leaf growth and stomatal conductance. Agricultural Water Management, 105, 48-56.
Errebhi, M., Rosen, C. J., Gupta, S.G., & Birong, D. E. )1998(. Potato Yield Response and Nitrate Leaching as Influenced by Nitrogen Management. Agromy Journal, 90, 10-15. Doi: 10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000010003x
Feizabadi, A., Noormohammadi, G., & Fatehi, F. (2020). Change in growth, physiology and fatty acid profile of rapeseed treated with vermicompost under drought stress. Journal Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. Online available. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00353-4
Gasulla, F., vom Dorp, K., Dombrink, I., Zaehringer, U., Gisch, N., & Doermann, P. )2013(. The role of lipid metabolism in the acquisition of desiccationtolerance in Craterostigma plantagineum: a comparative approach. The Plant Journal, 75, 726-741. doi: 10.1111/tpj.12241
Githinji, H. K., Okalebo, J. R., Othieno, C. O., Bationo, A., Kihara, J., & Waswa, B. S. (2011). Effects of Conservation Tillage, Fertilizer Inputs and Cropping Systems on Soil Properties and Crop Yield in Western Kenya. In Innovations as Key to the Green Revolution in Africa, 281-288. Springer, Dordrecht.
Gotosa, J., Kodzwa, J., Gwenzi, W., & Nyamangara, J. )2020(. Maize nitrogen uptake and productivity under reducedand conventional tillage. Online available. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-020-10104-7
Guo, P., Wang, C., Jia, Q., Wang, Q., Han, G., & Tian, X. )2011(. Response ofsoil microbial biomass and enzymaticactivities to fertilizations of mixedinorganic and organic nitrogen at asubtropical forest in East China. Plant and Soil, 338, 355-366.
Keshavarz, H., & Khodabin, Gh. )2019(. The role of uniconazole in improving physiological and biochemical attributes of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) subjected to drought stress. Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology, 22(2), 161-168.
Khodabin, G., Tahmasebi-Sarvestani, Z., Rad, A.H.S., Modarres-Sanavy, S.A.M., Hashemi, S.M., & Bakhshandeh, E., )2021(. Effect of Late-Season Drought Stress and Foliar Application of ZnSO4 and MnSO4 on the Yield and Some Oil Characteristics of Rapeseed Cultivars. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00489-x
Li, Ch., Hao, X., Blackshaw, R.E., O’Donovan, J.T., Neil Harker, K., & Clayton, G.W. )2012(. Nitrous oxide emissions in response to ESN and urea, herbicide management andcanola cultivar in a no-till cropping system. Soil & Tillage Research, 118, 97-106.
Li, X., Hu, C., Delgado, J.A., Zhang, Y., & Ouyand, Z. )2007(. Increase nitrogen use efficiency as a key mitigation alternative to reduce nitrate leaching in north chinaplain. Agriculture Water Management, 89, 137-147.
Liu, M., Wang, C., Wang, F., & Xie, Y. )2019(. Maize (Zea mays) growth and nutrient uptake following integrated improvement of vermicompost and humic acid fertilizer on coastal saline soil. 2019. Applied Soil Ecology, 142, 147-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.04.024
Nazeri, P., Shirani Rad, A.H., ValadAbadi, S.A., Mirakhori, M., & Hadidi Masoule, E. )2018(. Effect of sowing dates and late season water deficit stress on quantitative and qualitative traits of canola cultivars. Outlook on Agriculture, 47(4), 291-297.
Niu, Y., Luo, J., Liu, D., Müller, C., Zaman, M., Lindsey, S., & Ding, W. )2018(. Effect of biochar and nitrapyrin on nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions from a sandy loam soil cropped to maize. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 54(5), 645-658.
Omidi, H., Tahmasebi, Z., Badi, H. A. N., Torabi, H., & Miransari, M. )2010(. Fatty acid composition of canola (Brassica napus L.), as affected by agronomical, genotypic and environmental parameters. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 333(3), 248-254.
Rathke, G. W., Behrens, T., & Diepenbrock, W. )2006(. Integrated nitrogen management strategies to improve seed yield, oil content and nitrogen efficiency of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.): a review. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 117(2-3), 80-108.
Sakuma, Y., Maruyama, K., Qin, F., Osakabe, Y., Shinozaki, K., & Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. )2006(. Dual function of an Arabidopsis transcription factor DREB2A in water-stress-responsive and heat-stress-responsive gene expression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(49), 18822-18827.
Smith, M.K., Smith, J.P., & Stirling, G.R. (2011). Integration of minimum tillage, crop rotation and organicamendments into a ginger farmingsystem: Impacts on yield and soil bornediseases. Soil and Tillage Research, 114, 108-116.
Spiess, E., Humphrys, C., Richner, W., Schneider, M. K., Piepho, H. P., Chervet, A., & Prasuhn, V. (2020). Does no-tillage decrease nitrate leaching compared to ploughing under a long-term crop rotation in Switzerland? Soil and Tillage Research, 199, 104590.
Sun, X.P., Yan, H.L., Kang, X.Y., & Ma, F.W. (2013). Growth, gas exchange, and water-use efficiency response of two young apple cultivars to drought stress in two scion-one rootstock grafting system. Photosynthetica, 51(3), 404-410.
Svecnjak, Z., & Rengel, Z. (2006). Canola cultivars differ in nitrogen utilization efficiency atvegetative stage. Field Crops Research, 97, 221-226.
Vrablik, T.L., & Watts, J.L. (2012). Emerging roles for specific fatty acids in developmental processes. Genes & Development, 26(7), 631-637.
Wang, H., Guo, Z., Shi, Y., Zhang, Y., Yu, Zh. (2015a). Impact of tillage practices on nitrogen accumulation and translocationin wheat and soil nitrate-nitrogen leaching in drylands. Soil & Tillage Research, 153, 20-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2015.03.006
Wang, X., Shi, Y., Guo, Z., Zhang, Y., Yu, Zh. (2015b). Water use and soil nitrate nitrogen changes under supplementalirrigation with nitrogen application rate in wheat field. Field Crops Research, 183, 117-125.
Xiaolu, X., Jie, Y., Aoxue, L., Yu, C., & Fan, Y. )2016(. Drought stress and re-watering increase secondarymetabolites and enzyme activity in dendrobium moniliforme. Industrial Crop and Product, 30, 385-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.08.041
Zhou, X., Wang, SH., Ma, SH., Zheng, X., Wang, ZH., & Lu, CH. )2020(. Effects of commonly usednitrification inhibitors-dicyandiamide (DCD), 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), and nitrapyrin-on soil nitrogendynamics and nitrifiers in three typical paddy soils. Geoderma, 380, 114637 .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114637.