نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه علوم باغبانی و مهندسی فضای سبز، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

2 دانشیار، گروه علوم باغبانی و مهندسی فضای سبز، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

3 استاد، گروه گیاه پزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

4 استادیار، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مشهد، ایران

5 دانشیار، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مشهد، ایران

چکیده

به منظور بررسی اثر سطوح مختلف قارچ تریکودرما بر برخی صفات مورفوفیزیولوژیک، گلدهی و بیوشیمیایی گیاه گل مریم در شرایط تنش خشکی، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با سه تکرار در گلخانه‌های تحقیقاتی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال‌های 95 به‌انجام رسید. تیمارهای تنش خشکی شامل مقادیر 100، 50 و 25 درصد ظرفیت زراعی و تیمار قارچ T.harzianum 65 شامل سه سطح 20، 10 و صفر درصد قارچ در نظر گرفته شد. نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان‌داد که تنش خشکی باعث افزایش مقادیر آنتی‌اکسیدان، کلروفیل‌کل و پرولین شد. از سوی دیگر تنش خشکی، تاثیر منفی و معنی داری بر مقدار وزن‌تر ریشه و زیست توده، وزن خشک ریشه و زیست‌توده، محتوای رطوبت نسبی برگ، قطر گلچه و تعداد گلچه بازشده داشت اما قارچ تریکودرما توانست این اثرات منفی تنش خشکی را تعدیل‌نماید. بیشترین مقدار کلروفیل کل و رطوبت نسبی آب برگ به ترتیب با مقدار 04/1 میلی‌گرم بر گرم وزن‌تر برگ و 2/85 درصد در نمونه 10 قارچ به‌دست‌آمد که اختلاف معنی داری با سطح 20 درصد قارچ نداشت. در سایر صفات بیشترین مقادیر مربوط به سطح 20 درصد قارچ بوده-است. از آنجا که قارچ تریکودرما ضمن کاهش اثرات تنش خشکی، باعث افزایش رشد رویشی و افزایش تعداد گلچه بازشده (بعنوان عامل مهم در بازارپسندی) گل مریم شده‌است، می‌توان به عنوان عامل بیولوژیک در افزایش کیفیت گل مریم در شرایط مشابه پیشنهاد نمود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Trichoderma (65 fungus) on morphological and biochemical traits of tuberose under drought stress

نویسندگان [English]

  • hamidreza zekavati 1
  • Mahmoud Shoor 2
  • Hamid Rouhani 3
  • seyyed fazel fazeli kakhki 4
  • Ebrahim Ganji Moghadam 5

1 Ph. D. Candidate, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

3 Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

4 Assitant Professor, Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Mashhad, Iran.

5 Associate Professor, Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Mashhad, Iran.

چکیده [English]

In order to investigate the effect of different levels of Trichoderma fungus on some morpho-physiological, flowering and biochemical traits of tuberose flower under drought stress conditions, an experiment was conducted in a factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications in Research Greenhouses of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2016. Drought stress treatments included irrigation at 100, 50 and 25% of field capacity and fungal treatments included three levels of 20, 10 and 0% of fungus. The results showed that drought stress increased the amount of antioxidant, total chlorophyll and proline. In addition to drough stress, had a negative significant effect on fresh and dry weights of root and biomass, relative water content of leaves, floret diameter and number of open floret, but Trichoderma largely moderated these negative effects. The highest amounts of total chlorophyll (1.04 mg/g leaf fresh weight) and relative humidity of leaf water (85.2%) were obtained at 10% level of fungus, which did not show a significant difference from those at 20% level of fungus. In the rest of the traits, the highest levels were found at 20% level of fungus. Since the Trichoderma fungus, besides reducing the effects of drought stress, increases vegetative growth and increases the number of open florets (which is considered as an important factor in the marketability) of tuberose flower, use of it can be suggested as a biological factor in increasing the quality of tuberose flower in similar conditions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Drought stress
  • Morpho-physiological
  • Number of florets
  • Trichoderma fungus
  • Tuberose flower
Ahmadi, A. & Baker, D.A. (2000). Stomatal and Nonstomatal Limitation Photosynthesis under Water Stress Conditions in Wheat Plant. Agriculture Scince, 31(4), 813-825. (In Persian)
Ashraf, M. & Foolad, M.R. (2007). Roles of Glycine  Betaine and  Proline  in  Improving Plant Abiotic Stress Resistance.  Environmental and Experimental Botany, 59, 206-216.
Aslanpour, M., Tehranifar, A., Dolati Baneh, H. & Shoor, M. (2017). Effects of inoculation with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi and drought strss on growth factors, water relations and nutrients absorbsion in Vitis vinifera cv. bidaneh sefid. PhD Thesis,Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (In Persian)
Azadi, A., Majidi Haravan, E., Roozbahani, A., Vahabzade, M. & Behbahaninia, A. (2009). Effect of drought stress levels on yield, yield components and spike related traits in wheat cultivars. Environmental Stress in Plant Sciences, 1(1), 65-77. (In Persian)
Bates, L.S., Walderen, R.D. & Taere, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39, 205-207.
Bayer, C. (2007). Proper proline management needed for effective results. Medicinal Chemistry, 18, 10-25.
Beck, E., Fettig, S., Knake, C., Hartig, K. & Bhattarai, T. (2007). Specific and unspecific responses of plants to cold and drought stress. Bioscience, 32, 501-510.
Chang, C., Chang, Y., Baker, R., Kleifield, O. & Chet, I. (1986). Increased growth of plants in the presence of the biological control agent Trichoderma harzianum. Plant Disease, 70, 145-148.
Chaves, M.M. & Oliveira, M.M. (2004). Mechanisms underlying plant resilience to water deficits: Prospects for water-saving agriculture. Journal of Experimental Botany, 55, 2365-2384.
Cuevas, C. (2006). Soil Inoculation with Trichoderma pseudokoningii rifai enhances yield of rice. Philippine Science, 135(1), 31-37.
Dubsky, M., Sramek, F. & Vosatka, M. (2002). Inoculation of cyclamen (Cyclamen persicum) and poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Trichoderma harzianum. Rost. Vyroba, 48(2),63-68.
Ebhin Masto, R., Chhonkar, P.K., Singh, D. & Patra, A.K. (2006). Changes in soil biological and biochemical characteristics in a long-term field trial on a sub-tropical incept soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 38, 1577–1582.
Eidyan, B., Hadavi, E. & Moalemi, N. (2014). Pre harvest foliar application of iron sulfate and citric acid combined with urea fertigation effects growth and vase life of tuberose” Por-Par”. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology , 55, 9-13.
Eivazi, A., Talat, F., Saeed, A. & Ranji, H. (2007). Selection for osmoregulation gene to improve grain yield of wheat genotype under osmotic stress. Pakistan Biological Science,10, 3703-3707.
Emam, Y. & Zavare, M. (2005). Drought tolerance in excellent plants (genetic, physiological, and molecular biology). Iran, University Publication Center. (In Persian)
Gravel, V., Antoun, H. & Tweddell, R. J. (2007). Growth stimulation and fruit yield  improvement of greenhouse tomato plants by inoculation with Pseudomonas putida or Trichoderma atroviride: possible role of indole acetic acid (IAA). Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 39, 1968-1977.
Harman, G.E. & Kubicek, C.P. (1998). Trichoderma and Gliocladium, Enzymes. Biological Control and Commercial Applications, 2, 49-72.
Harry, A.J. & Hoitink, H. (2002). Effects of Composted Cow Manure and T382 on Growth of Perennials and Ground. International Microbiology, 10, 19-27.
 
Hirayama, M., Ada, Y.W. & Nemoto, H. (2006). Astimation of drought tolerance based on leaf temperature in upland rice breeding. Breeding Science, 56, 47-54.
Jafarzadeh, L., Omidi, H. & Bostani, A. (2013). Effect of drought stress and bio-fertilizer on flower yield, photosynthesis pigments and proline content of Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 29(3), 666-680. (In Persian)
Jalali, Z., Shoor, M., Nemati, H. & Rohani, H. (2014). Effect of Trichoderma and Iron on the quality and quantity Spathiphyllum and Tradescantia. MSc Thesis, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (In Persian)
Jazizade, E. & mortazaeinezhad, F. (2017). Effects of drought stress on physiological and morphological indices of Cichorium intybus  for introduction in urban green space. Plant Process and Function, 6(21), 279-290. (In Persian)
Kaewchai, S., Soytong, K. & Hyde, K.D. (2010). Mycofungicides and fungal biofertilizers. Fungal Diversity, 38, 25-50.
Kanani, M. & Nazari Deljou, M. (2016). The Effect of Pre-harvest Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid and a-Aminooxi-b-Phenyl Propionic Acid  as Promoter and Specific Inhibitor of Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase Enzyme on Shelf Life and Aroma on Tuberose. Crops Improvement, 18(4), 765-774. (In Persian)
Kleifield, O. & Chet, I. (1992). Trichoderma – plant interaction and its effect on increased growth response. Plant and Soil, 144, 267–272.
Manivannan, P., Jaleel, CA., Sankar, B., Kishurekumart A., Somasundaram, R., Lakshmanan, G.M. & Panneerselvam, R. (2007). Growth, biochemical modifications and proline metabolism in Helianthus annuus L. as induced by drought stress. Colloids and Surfaces, Biointerfaces, 59, 141-149.
Mano, J. (2002). Early events in environmental stresses in plants-induction mechanisms of oxidative stress. In: Inze D, Montago MV, eds. Oxidative stress in plants. New York. USA, 217-245.
Marzban, Z., Amerian, M., Mamer Abadi, M. & Abbas Dokht, H. (2008). The Effect of Coexistence Arbuscular Mycorizal Fungus and Rhizobium Bacteria on Mixed Crop Corn and Bean. International Conference of Conservation of Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge, Tehran. (In Persian)
Mazhabi, M., Nemati, H., Rouhani, H., Tehranifar, A., Moghadam, E.M., Kaveh, H. & Rezaee, A. (2011). The effect of Trichoderma on polianthes qualitative and quantitative properties. Animal and Plant Sciences, 21, 617-621.
Mohammadi Kashka, F., Pirdashti, H., Yaghoubian, Y. & Bahari Saravi, S.H. (2015). Effect of Trichoderma virens and Piriformospora indica coexistence with Enterobacter sp. on the growth and photosynthetic pigments of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plant. Crop Ecophysiology, 8(26), 121-133. (In Persian)
Rabani, J. & Emam, Y. (2011). Yield Response of Maize Hybrids to Drought Stress at Different Growth Stages. Crop Production and Processing, 1 (2) :65-78. (In Persian)
Seraj, F.,  Salimi, N., Pirdashti, H. & Yaghoubian, Y. (2011). The response of vegetative and physiological components of wheat plant to salinity and the effect of seed pre-treatment with Trichoderma virens and Piriformospora indica on improving plant consistency to salinity stress. Seed Science and Technology, 7(2), 77-90. (In Persian)
Showghi, E., Shoor, M., Mahdikhani Moghadam, E. & Arouiee, H. (2016). Improvement of some quantitative and qualitative traits of Coleus and Croton ornamental herbs using isolates of Trichoderma and Zinc. MSc Thesis, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (In Persian)
Smart, R.E. & Bingham, E. (1974). Rapid estimates of relative water content. Plant Physiology, 53, 258-260.
Taghinasab, M. (2012). Effect of some Trichoderma isolates on growth of cucumber seedlings in greenhouse conditions. Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture, 11, 85-92. (In Persian).
Terzi, R. & Kadioglu, A. (2006). Drought Stress Tolerance and the Antioxidant Enzyme System in Ctenanthe setosa. Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica, 48, 89-96.
Wilson, S.B., Stoffella, P.,J & Graetz, D.A. (2001). Compost-amended media for growth and development of Mexican heather. Compost Science and Utilization, 9(1), 60-64.
Yedidia, I., Srivastva, A.K., Kapulnik, Y. & Chet, I. (2001). Effect of Trichoderma harzianum on microelement concentrations and increased growth of cucumber plants. Plant and Soil, 235(2), 235-242.
Zare Mehrjerdi, M., Bagheri, A., Bahrami, A., Nabati, J. & Massomi, A. (2013). Effect of drought stress on photosynthetic characteristics, phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activities in different chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes in hydroponic conditions. Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture, 3 (4), 59-77. (In Persian)
Zarghami Moghadam, M., Shoor, M.,  Ganjali, A. & Moshtaghi, N. (2014). Study the effects of salicylic acid on morphological and ornamental traits of two cultivars of Petunia (Petunia  hybrida) under deficit irrigation stress. PhD Thesis,Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (In Persian)