نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 . کارشناس ارشد، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران

چکیده

به‌منظور بررسی تحمل چهار پایه از درختان هسته‌دار به کلروز کمبود آهن، آزمایشی در قالب فاکتوریل بر پایۀ طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در چهار تکرار، در دانشکدۀ کشاورزی دانشگاه بوعلی سینا در سال 1391 انجام گرفت. پایه‌های مورد بررسی شامل هیبرید‌‌‌های هلوو بادام GF677 و GN15، بادام تلخ و هلو و تیمار‌‌های غذایی مورد استفاده شامل: محلول غذایی هوگلند فاقد آهن (‌اسیدیتۀ 6)؛ محلول غذایی هوگلند حاوی آهن با غلظت 90 میکرومولار به‌عنوان تیمار شاهد (اسیدیتۀ 6)؛ و محلول غذایی هوگلند حاوی آهن با غلظت 90 میکرومولار و بی‌کربنات پتاسیم با غلظت 10 میلی‌مولار (اسیدیتۀ 8) بود. در پایان آزمایش، آهن کل و فعال برگ و ریشه،غلظت کلروفیل، پراکسید هیدروژن و همچنین فعالیت کاتالاز و آسکوربات پراکسیداز اندازه‌گیری شد. حساس‌ترین پایه به کمبود آهن و اسیدیتۀ زیاد، هلو؛ و متحمل‌ترین پایۀ بادام تلخ بود. بین هیبرید‌های هلو و بادام،GF677  تحمل بهتری به شرایط فقر آهن و حضور بی‌کربنات در مقایسه با GN15 نشان داد. محلول غذایی حاوی بی‌کربنات مانع جذب و انتقال آهن توسط ریشه‌های هلو شد، درحالی­ که سایر پایه‌ها مقادیر به‌نسبت زیادی آهن را در این شرایط جذب کردند و به اندام هوایی انتقال دادند. در این شرایط، در پایه‌های GF677 و GN15 مقادیر به‌نسبت زیادی آهن در برگ‌ها به‌شکل غیرفعال بود، ولی در پایۀ بادام تلخ افزون بر جذب و انتقال زیاد آهن، مقدار زیادی از این عنصر فعال و توسط برگ قابل استفاده بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Peach, Bitter Almond, GF677 and GN15 Rootstocks for Bicarbonate or Iron Deficiency-Induced Chlorosis

نویسندگان [English]

  • Razieh Rostami 1
  • Ahmad Ershadi 2
  • Hasan Sarikhani 2

1 - Former M.Sc. Student, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran

چکیده [English]

In order to evaluate tolerance of four Prunus rootstocks to Fe-deficiency-induced Chlorosis,  an experiment was carried out in Bu-Ali Sina University in 2012 using a RCBD design with four replications. Four rootstocks were used, including GF677, GN15, bitter almond and peach and nutritional treatments were: Hoagland solution without Fe (pH = 6), Hoagland solution containing 90µM Fe as control (pH = 6), and Hoagland solution containing 90 µM Fe + 10 mM KHCO3 (pH = 8). At the end of experiment, total and active content of iron in leaves and roots, chlorophyll content, hydrogen peroxide levels as well as catalase and ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity were measured. Based on the results, peach was the most sensitive rootstock to iron deficiency and bicarbonate treatments, while almond was the most tolerant rootstock. Comparing two peach × almond hybrid rootstocks showed that GF677 had better performance under iron deficiency and in the presence of bicarbonate rather than GN15. Bicarbonated nutrient solution inhibited the Fe absorption and transport by peach roots, whiles other rootstocks uptake high amount of iron and transferred it to shoots. In this condition, on both peach-almond hybrids, GF677 and GN15, large amounts of iron in leaves were in inactive form but on bitter almond rootstock in addition to high iron uptake and transport, large amounts of this element was active and utilizable by leaves.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Active iron
  • almond
  • Ascorbate peroxidase
  • Catalase
  • Rootstock
1 .‌ خلدبرین ب و اسلام زاده ط (1380) تغذیۀ معدنی گیاهان عالی. انتشارات دانشگاه شیراز. 902 ص.
 
2 . Abdel-Shafy H, Hegemann W and Teiner A (1994) Accumulation of metals by vascular plants. Environmental Management and Health. 5(2): 21-24.
3 . Alcantara E, Cordeiro AM and Barranco D (2003) Selection of olive varieties for tolerance to iron chlorosis. Plant Physiology. 160: 1467-1472.
4 . Almansa MS, Hernandea JA, Jimenez A, Botella MA and Sevilla F (2002) Effect of salt stress on the superoxide dismoutase activity in leaves of Citrus limonum in different rootstock-scion combination. Biologia Plantarum. 45(4): 545-549.
5 . Alvarez-Fernandez A, Melgar CJ, Abadia J and Abadia A (2011) Effects of moderate and severe iron deficiency chlorosis on fruit yield, appearance and composition in pear (Pyrus communis L.) and peach (Prunus persica L.) Batsch). Environmental and Experimental Botany. 71: 280-286.
6 . Assimakopoulou A, Holevas CD and Fasseas K (2011) Relative susceptibility of some Prunus rootstocks in hydroponics to iron deficiency. Plant Nutrition. 34(7): 1014-1033.
7 . Bannister JV, Bannister WH and Rotills G (1987) Aspects of the structure, function and application of superoxide dismutase. Biochemical. 22: 110-180.
8 . Bergmeryer N (1970) Method der enzymatic analyse. Akademie Verlag, Berlin. Pp. 636-647.
9 . Castle WS, Nunnallee J and Manthey JA (2009) Screening Citrus rootstocks and related selections in soil and solution culture for tolerance to low iron stress. HortScience. 44: 638-645.
10 . Cellini A, Corpasb FJ, Barrosoc JB and Masiaa A (2011) Nitric oxide content is associated with tolerance to bicarbonate-induced chlorosis in micropropagated Prunus explants. Plant Physiology. 168: 1543-1549.
11 . Celik H and Katkat AV (2007) Some Physical soil properties and potassium as an intensified factor on iron chlorosis. Soil Science. 2(4): 294-300.
12 . Chouliaers V, Therios I, Molassiotis A and Diamantidis G (2004) Iron chlorosis in grafted sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) plants physiological and biochemical responses. Biologia Plantarum. 48(1): 141-144.
13 . Covarrubias J and Rombola A (2013) Physiological and biochemical responses of the iron chlorosis tolerant grapevine rootstock 140 Ruggeri to iron deficiency and bicarbonate. Plant and Soil. 370: 305-315.
14 . Dasgan H, Ozturk L, Abak K and Cakmak I (2003) Iron deficiency symptoms in grapevine as affected by the iron oxide and carbonate contents of model substrates. Plant and Soil. 322: 293-302.
15 . Donnini S, Castagna A, Ranieri A and Zocchi G (2009) Differential responses in pear and quince genotypes induced by Fe deficiency and bicarbonate. Plant Physiology. 166: 1181-1193.
16 . Donnini S, Dellorto M and Zocchi G (2011) Oxidative stress responses and root lignification induced by Fe deficiency conditions in pear and quince genotypes. Tree Physiology. 31: 102-113.
17. Fourcroy P, Vansuyt G, Kushnir S, Inze D and Briat JF (2004) Iron-regulated expression of a cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase encoded by the APX1 gene in Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant Physiology. 134(2): 605-613.
18 . Gogorcena Y, Abadia J and Abadia A (2004) A new technique for screening iron-efficient genotypes in peach rootstocks: elicitation of root ferric chelate reductase by manipulation of external iron concentrations. Plant Nutrition. 27: 1701-1715.
19 . Graziano M and Lamattina L (2005) Nitric oxide and iron in plants: an emerging and converging story. Trends in Plant Science. 10: 4-8.
20 . Gross J (1991) Pigments in vegetables. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. P. 351.
21 . Gruber B and Kosegarten H (2002) Depressed growth of non chlorotic vine grown in calcareous soil is an iron deficiency symptom prior to leaf chlorosis. Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 164(2): 155-163.
22 . Huang H, Hua CX, Tana Q, Huc X, Suna X and Bia L (2012) Effects of Fe–EDDHA application on iron chlorosis of citrus trees and comparison of evaluations on nutrient balance with three approaches. Scientia Horticulturae. 146: 137-142.
23 . Jimenez S, Pinochet J, Abadia A, Moreno M and Gogorcena Y (2008) Tolerance response to iron chlorosis of Prunus selections as rootstocks. Scientia Horticulturae. 43(2): 304-309.
24 . Jimenez S, Pinochet J, Gogorcena Y, Betran JA and Moreno MA (2007) Influence of different vigour cherry rootstocks on leaves and shoots mineral composition. Scientia Horticulturae. 112: 73-79.
25 . Jimenez S, Morales F, Abadia A, Abadia J, Moreno MA and Gogorcena Y (2009) Elemental 2-D mapping and changes in leaf iron and chlorophyll in response to iron re-supply in iron-deficient GF 677 peach-almond hybrid. Plant and Soil. 315: 93-106.
26 . Kerkeb L and Connolly EL (2006) Iron transport and metabolism in plantsGenetic Engineering. In: Setlow JK, Springer Publisher: 119-140.
27 . Koseoglu AT and Acikgoz V (1995) Determination of iron chlorosis with extractable iron analysis in peach leaves. Plant Nutrition. 18(1): 153-161.
28 . Ksouri R, Gharsalli M and Lachaalb M (2005) Physiological responses of Tunisian grapevine varieties to bicarbonate-induced iron deficiency. Plant Physiology. 162: 335-341.
29 . Martinez-Cuenca MR, Legaz F, Forner-Giner MA, Primo-Millo E and Iglesias DJ (2013) Bicarbonate blocks iron translocation from cotyledons inducing iron stress responses in Citrus roots. Plant Physiology. 170: 899-905.
30 . Mengel K (1994) Iron availability in plant tissues iron chlorosis on calcareous soils. Plant and Soil. 165: 275-283.
31 . Mohammad MJ, Najim H and Khresat S (1998) Nitric acid and o-phenanthroline-extractable iron for diagnosis of iron chlorosis in Citrus lemon trees. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 29: 1035-1043.
32 . Molassiotis A, Tanou G, Diamantidis G, Patakas A and Therios I (2006) Effects of 4-month Fe deficiency exposure on Fe reduction mechanism, photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and antioxidant defense in two peach rootstocks differing in Fe deficiency tolerance. Plant Physiology. 163: 176-185.
33 . Nakano Y and Asada K (1981) Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate specific peroxidas in spinach chloroplasts. Plant and Cell Physiology. 22: 867-880.
34 . Nedunchezhian N, Morales F, Abadia A and Abadia J (1997) Decline in photosynthetic electron transport activity and change in thylakoid protein pattern in field grown iron deficient peach (Prunus persica L.). Plant Science. 129: 29-38.
35 . Nenova VR and Stoyanov IG (2000) Effect of some growth regulators on young iron deficient maize Plants. Biologia Plantarum. 43(1): 35-39.
36 . Noctor G and Foyer CH (1998) Ascorbate and glutathione: Keeping active oxygen under control. Plant Physiology. 49: 249-279.
37 . Pestana M, Varennes AD and Faria A (2003) Diagnosis and correction of iron chlorosis in fruit trees: a review food. Agriculture and Environment. 1(1): 46-51.
38 . Ranieri A, Castagna A, Bladan B and Soldatini GF (2001) Iron deficiency differently affects peroxidase isoforms in sunflower. Experimental Botany. 52(354): 25-35.
39 . Rombola AD, Moog PR, Marangoni B, Abadia J, Tagliavini, M and Lopez-Millan AF (2002) Biochemical responses to iron deficiency in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). Tree Physiology. 22: 869-875.
40.  Schmidt W (1999) Mechanisms and regulation of reduction-based iron uptake in plants: a review. New Phytologist. 141: 1-26.
41 . Takkar PN and Kaur P (1984) HCL metod for Fe2+ estimation to resolve iron chlorosis in plants. Plant Nutrition. 7: 81-90.
42 . Tewaria RK, Hadacekb F, Sassmannc S and Langc I (2013) Iron deprivation-induced reactive oxygen species generation leads to non-autolytic PCD in Brassica napus leaves. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 91: 74-83.
43 . Velikova V, Yordanov I and Edreva A (2000) Oxidative stress and some antioxidant systems in acid rain-treated bean plants Protective role of exogenous polyamines. Plant Science. 151: 59-66.
44 . Zaharieva T, Yamashita K and Matsumoto B (1999) Iron deficiency induced changes in ascorbate content and enzyme activities related to ascorbate metabolism in cucumber roots. Plant and Cell Physiology. 40: 273-280.