نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی ارشد، گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکدۀ مهندسی و فناوری کشاورزی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکدۀ مهندسی و فناوری کشاورزی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

چکیده

هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی میانگین غلظت ریزمغذی‌ها شامل مس، آهن، منگنز و روی در اندام هوایی ارقام مختلف گندم نان (Triticumaestivum) در مرحلۀ به ساقه رفتن در خاک آلوده به کادمیوم بود. تیمار‌های آزمایش به‌ترتیب شامل سه سطح کادمیوم صفر (تیمار شاهد (Cd0)، 40 (Cd40) و 80 (Cd80) میلی‌گرم کادمیوم در کیلوگرم خاک) و 14 رقم گندم (‘بهار’، ‘نیک‎نژاد’، ‘مرودشت’، ‘پارسی’، ‘سیوند’، ‘شیراز’، ‘روشن’، ‘پیشتاز’، ‘آزادی’، ‘شهریار’، ‘پیشگام’، ‘امید’، ‘لوند’ و ‘نوید’) بود. تأثیر کادمیوم بر غلظت ریزمغذی‌ها در سطح 1 درصد معنادار بود. با افزایش سطح کادمیوم، غلظت مس در اندام هوایی همۀ ارقام کاهش یافت. به‌جز دو رقم ‘پیشگام’ و ‘امید’ که در تیمار Cd40 نسبت به تیمار شاهد افزایش غلظت آهن را نشان دادند، غلظت آهن در ارقام دیگر کاهش یافت. بیشترین و کمترین غلظت کادمیوم در تیمار Cd40 به‌ترتیب برای دو رقم ‘نیک‌نژاد’ (7 میلی‌گرم کادمیوم در کیلوگرم وزن خشک) و ‘پارسی’ (دو میلی‌گرم کادمیوم در کیلوگرم وزن خشک) ثبت شد. همچنین بیشترین و کمترین غلظت کادمیوم در تیمار Cd80 به‌ترتیب در ارقام ‘پیشگام’ (20 میلی‌گرم کادمیوم در کیلوگرم وزن خشک) و ‘نوید’ (6 میلی‌گرم کادمیوم در کیلوگرم وزن خشک) مشاهده شد. درمجموع دو رقم ‘نیک‌نژاد’ و ‘پیشگام’ بیشترین قابلیت برداشت کادمیوم را داشتند، همچنین کمترین قابلیت برداشت کادمیوم در دو رقم ‘پارسی’ و ‘نوید’ مشاهده شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of cadmium on concentration of copper, iron, manganese and zinc in shoot of different cultivars of wheat

نویسندگان [English]

  • Iman Javad-zarrin 1
  • Babak Moteshare zade 2

1 Former M.Sc. Student, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

چکیده [English]

The aim of this research was to evaluate the average concentrations of micronutrients including: Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn) and Zinc (Zn) in the shoots of different cultivars of wheat in stem elongation stage in a soil contaminated with cadmium (Cd). The treatments consisted of three levels of Cd (0 (as control, Cd0), 40 (Cd40) and 80 (Cd80) mg Cd/kg soil) and fourteen different cultivars of wheat (‘Bahar’, ‘Alvand’, ‘Niknezhad’, ‘Pishtaz’, ‘Azadi’, ‘Shahriyar’, ‘Pishgam’, ‘Marvdasht’, ‘Parsi’, ‘Sivand’, ‘Shiraz’, ‘Omid’, ‘Roshan’ and ‘Navid’), respectively. The results showed the effect of Cd on concentrations of micronutrients were highly significant. Cu concentration was decreased in shoot of all studied cultivars, as levels of Cd were increased. Except two cultivars (‘Pishgam’ and ‘Omid’) which showed an increase in Fe concentration in Cd40 comparing with control, Fe concentration was decreased in other cultivars. Most and least Cd concentration in Cd40 was recorded by Niknezhad (7 mg/kg DW) and Parsi (2 mg/kg DW), respectively. Also, most and least Cd concentration in Cd80 was observed in ‘Pishgam’ (20 mg/kg DW) and ‘Navid’ (6 mg/kg DW). Generally, ‘Niknezhad’ and ‘Pishgam’ had the highest reliability of cadmium uptake. Also the lowest reliability of cadmium uptake was observed about ‘Parsi’ and ‘Navid’.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Food safety
  • Heavy metals
  • micronutrients
  • toxicity
 
1 . آهنگری ع، رسولی م و نادری م (1386) بررسی صفات مؤثر در مقاومت به تنش خشکی در گندم. مجموعه مقالات کشاورزی زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، سازمان جهاد کشاورزی استان مرکزی.
2 . امامی ع (1375) روش­های تجزیه گیاه. مؤسسۀ تحقیقات خاک و آب، نشریه فنی شماره 982، جلد اول.
3 . رجایی م و کریمیان ن ع (1385) اثر کادمیم اضافه شده و زمان خواباندن بر شکل­های شیمیایی کادمیم، رشد و ترکیب شیمیایی اسفناج در دو بافت خاک. مجموعه مقالات همایش خاک، محیط زیست و توسعه پایدار، انتشارات پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران: 322-321.
4. محمدی م، شیروانی س، فتوت ا و حق­نیا غ ح (1385) مقایسه جذب روی و کادمیم در تربچه و شاهی و بررسی اثرات متقابل آنها. مجموعه مقالات همایش خاک، محیط زیست و توسعه پایدار، انتشارات پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران: 318-317.
5 . Abdel-Sabour MF, Mortvedt JJ and Keelson JJ (1988) Cadmium-Zinc interaction in plants and extractable cadmium and zinc fractions in soil. Soil Science. 145(6): 426-431.
6 . Alloway BJ (1990) Soil processes and the behavior of metals. Chap 2 in Alloway BJ (Ed.) Heavy Metals in Soils Blackie Academic and Professional. Glasgow: 7-28.
7 . Andrade LR, Farina M and Amado GM (2004) Effects of copper on Enteromorpha flexuosa (Chlorophyta) in vitro. Ecotoxicolology Environment Safety. 58: 117-125.
8 . Aravind P and Prasad MNV (2005) Cadmium–zinc interactions in a hydroponic system using Ceratophyllum demersum L.: adaptive ecophysiology, biochemistry and molecular toxicology. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology. 17: 3-20.
9 . Assche F and Clijsters Van H (1990) Effects of metals on enzyme activity in plants. Plant Cell Environment. 13: 195-206.
10 . Aydin H and Coker C (2001) In vivo Interaction between Cadmium and Essential Trace Elements Copper and Zink in Rats. Journal of Medical Science. 31: 127-129.
11 . Baird C and Cann M (2005) Environmental chemistry 3rd Ed. New York: WH Freeman: 652.
12 . Basta NT, Raun WR and Gavi F (1998) Wheat grain cadmium under long-term fertilization and continuous winter wheat production. Better Crops. 82(19): 5-14.
13 . Benavides MPS, Gallego M and Tomaro ML (2005) Cadmium toxicity in plants. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology. 17(1): 21-34.
14 . Blazka ME and Shaikh ZA (1992) Cadmium and mercury accumulation in rat hepatocytes: interactions with other metal ions. Toxicology Applied Pharmacology. 113: 118-125.
15 . Buffle J (1988) Complexation Reactions in Aquatic Systems, an Analytical Approach, John Wiley and Sons, Chi Chester.
16 . Burzynski M (1988) The uptake and accumulation of phosphorous and nitrates and the activity of nitrate reductase in cucumber seedlings treated with Pb and Cd. Acta Society Botany Pol. 57: 349-359.
17 . Cataldo DA, Garland TR and Wildung RE (1983) Cadmium uptake kinetics in intact soybean plants. Plant Physiology. 73: 844-848.
18 . Chakravarty B and Srivastava S (1997) Effect of cadmium and zinc interaction on metal uptake and regeneration of tolerant plants in linseed. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 61: 45-50.
19 . Chaney RL and Hornick SB (1978) Accumulation and effects of cadmium on crops Cadmium 77. Proc 1st Int Cadmium Conf, San Francisco. London: Metal Bulletin. Pp. 40-125.
20 . Chaoui A, Ghorbal MH and El Ferjani E (1997) Effects of cadmium–zinc interactions on hydroponically grown bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Plant Science. 126: 21-28.
21 . Cobbett CS (2000) Phytochelation biosynthesis and function in heavy-metal detoxification: Current opinion. Plant Biology. 3: 211-216.
22 . Cohen CK, Fax TC, Garvin DF and Kochian LV (1998) The role of iron deficiency stress responses in stimulating heavy metal transport in plants. Plant Physiology. 116: 1063-1072.
23 . Costa G and Morel JL (1994) Efficiency of H-ATPase activity on cadmium uptake by four cultivars of lettuce. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 17: 627-637.
24 . Dudka S, Piotrowska M and Terelak H (1996) Transfer of cadmium, lead and zinc from industrially contaminated soil to crop plants: A field study, Environ. Pollution. 94: 181-188.
25 . Goergia A, Angle J, Chaney R and Van Berkum P (1997) Heavy metals in the environment: sewage sludge and heavy metal effects on nodulation and nitrogen fixation of vegetables. Environmental Quality. 24: 1199-1204.
26 . Gonçalves JF, Fabiane G, Antes J, Maldaner L, Belmonte P, Luciane A, Tabaldi R, Rauber L, Veronica R, Dilson A, Bisognin V, Luiz D, E´rico M, Moraes F and Fernando T (2009) Cadmium and mineral nutrient accumulation in potato plantlets grown under cadmium stress in two different experimental culture conditions. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 47: 814-821.
27 . Gussarson M, Asp H, Adalsteinsson S and Jensen P (1996) Enhancement of cadmium effects on growth and nutrient composition of Birth (Betula pendula) by buthionine sulphoximine (BSO). Experimental Botany. 47: 211-215.
28 . Hart JJ, Welch RM, Norvell WA and Kochian LV (2002) Transport interactions between cadmium and zinc in roots of bread and durum wheat seedlings. Physiolia Plantarum. 116: 73-78.
29 . Hassan MJZ, Zhu B and Ahmad Mahmood Q (2006) Influence of cadmium toxicity on rice genotypes as affected by zinc, sulfur and nitrogen fertilizers. Caspian Journal of Environmental Science. 4(1): 1-8.
30 . Honma Y and Hirata H (1978) A noticeable increase in Cd absorption by Zn deficient rice plants. Soil Sci. Plant Nutrition. 24: 295-297.
31 . Jalali M and Khanlari ZV (2008) Cadmium Availability in Calcareous Soils of Agricultural Lands in Hamadan, Western Iran. Soil and Sediment Contamination. 17: 256-268.
32 . Juwarkar AA, Nair A, Dubey KV, Singh SK and Devotta S (2007) Bio surfactant technology for remediation of cadmium and lead contaminated soils. Chemosphere. 68: 1996-2002.
33 . Kabata-Pendias A and Pendias H (2001) Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. CRC Press, New York, USA.
34 . Keck RW (1978) Cadmium alternation of root physiology and potassium ion fluxes. Plant Physiology. 62: 94-96.
35 . Lagriffoul AB, Mocquot M and Mench Vangronsveld J (1998) Cadmium toxicity effects on growth, mineral and chlorophyll contents, and activities of stress related enzymes in young maize plants (Zea mays L.). Plant and Soil. 200: 241-250.
36 . Lasat MM, Pence NS, Garvin DF, Ebbs SD and Kochian LV (2000) Molecular phys-iology of zinc transport in the Zn hyper accumulator Thlaspi caerulescens. Experimental Botany. 51: 71-79.
37 . Liu J, Cao C, Wong M, Zhang Z and Chai Y (2010) Variations between rice cultivars in iron and manganese plaque on roots and the relation with plant cadmium uptake. Environmental Sciences. 22(7): 1067-1072.
38 . Liu JG, Liang JS, Li KQ, Zhang ZJ, Yu BY, Lu XL, Yang JC and Zhu QS (2003) Correlations between cadmium and mineral nutrients in absorption and accumulation in various genotypes of rice under cadmium stress. Chemosphere. 52: 1467-1473.
39 . Lozano-Rodrı´guez E LE, Hernandez P and Bonay Carpena-Ruiz RO (1997) Distribution of cadmium in shoot and root tissues of maize and pea plants: physiological disturbances. Experimental Botany. 48: 123-128.
40 . Madyima S, Chimbari M, Nyamangara J and Bangira C (2002) Cumulative effects of sewage sludge and effluent mixture application on soil properties of a sandy soil under a mixture of star and kikuyu grasses in Zimbabwe. Physical Chemistry of Earth. 27: 747-53.
41 . Meharg AA (1993) the role of the plasmalemma in metal tolerance in angiosperms. Physiologia Plantarum. 88: 191-198.
42 . Mermut AR, Jain JC, Song L, Kerrich R, Kozak L and Jana S (1996) Trace element concentrations of selected soils and fertilizers in Saskatchewan, Canada. Journal of Environmental Quality. 25: 845-53.
43 . Nagajyoti PC, Lee KD and Sreekanth TVM (2010) Heavy metals occurrence and toxicity for plants: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letter. 8: 189-216.
44 . Naier D and Singh A (1989) Toxicity of heavy metals (Zn. Cu, Cd, Pb) to vascular plants. A literature review. Water, Air and Soil Pollution. 47: 287-319.
45 . Oliver DP, Wilhelm NS, McFarlane JD, Tiller KG and Cozens GD (1997) Effect of soil and foliar applications of zinc on cadmium concentration in wheat grain. Australian Journal Experimental Agriculture. 37: 677-681.
46 . Pagliano C, Raviolo M, Vecchia FD, Gabbrielli R, Gonnelli C, Rascio N, Barbato R and Rocca NL (2006) Evidence for PSII donor-side damage and photoinhibition induced by cadmium treatment on rice (Oryza sativa L.). Photochemical Photobiology B: Biology. 84: 70-78.
47 . Qian H, Li J, Sun L, Chen W, Sheng G, Liu W and Fu Z (2009) Combined effect of copper and cadmium on Chlorella vulgaris growth and photosynthesis-related gene transcription. Aquatic Toxicology. Pp. 56-61.
48 . Sauerbeak DR (1991) Plant element and soil properties governing plant uptake and availability of heavy metals derived from sewage sludge. Water, Air & Soil Pollution. 227: 57-58.
49 . Schenker M, Fan TWM and Crowley DE (2001) Phytosiderophores influence on cadmium mobilization and uptake by wheat and barley plants. Environmental Quality. 30: 2091-2098.
50 . Sharma R, Agrawal KM and Agrawal SB (2008) Interactive effects of cadmium and zinc on carrots: Growth and biomass accumulation. Plant Nutrition. 31: 19-34.
51 . Sheoran IH and Singal Singh R (1990) Effect of cadmium and nickel on photosynthesis and the enzymes of the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.). Photosynthesis Research. 23: 345-351.
52 . Singh SP and Yadava V (1993) Cadmium induced inhibition of nitrate uptake in Anacyctis nidulans: interaction with other divalent cations. General Applied Microbiology. 29: 297-304.
53 . Tiryakioglu MS, Eker F, Ozkutlu S and Husted Cakmak I (2006) Antioxidant defense system and cadmium uptake in barley genotypes differing in cadmium tolerance. Trace Element Medicinal Biology. 20: 181-189.
54 . Trivedi S and Erdei L (1992) Effects of cadmium and lead on the accumulation of Ca and K, and on the influx and translocation of K in wheat of low and high K status. Physiologia Plantarum. 84: 94-100.
55 . Vassilev A and Yordanov I (1997) Reductive analysis of factors limiting growth of cadmium–treated plants: A review. Plant Physiology. 23(3-4): 114-133.
56 . Wang C, Sun Q and Wang L (2009) Cadmium toxicity and phytochelatins production in a rooted-submerged macrophyte Vallisneria spiralis exposed to low concentrations of cadmium. Environmental Toxicology. 24: 271-278.
57 . Wong MK, Chuah GK, Koh LL, Ang KP and Hew CS (1984) The uptake of cadmium by Brassica chinensis and its effect on plant zinc and iron distribution. Environmenal and Experimental Botany 24: 189-195.
58 . Wu FB, Dong J, Jia GX, Zheng SJ and Zhang GP (2006) Genotypic difference in the responses of seedling growth and Cd toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Agricultural Science China. 5: 68-76.
59 . Wu FB, Wu HG, Zhang GP and Bachir MLD (2004) Differences in growth and yield in response to cadmium toxicity in cotton genotypes. Plant Nutrition. 167: 85-90.
60 . Wu FB and Zhang GP (2002) Genotypic variation in kernel heavy metal concentrations in barley and as affected by soil factors. Plant Nutrition. 25: 1163-1173.
61. Wu QT, Chen L and Wang GS (1999) Differences on Cd uptake and accumulation among rice cultivars and its mechanism. Acta Ecological Silence. 19: 104-107.
62 . Xian X (1988) Response of kidney bean to concentration and chemical form of cadmium, zinc, and lead in polluted soils. Environmental Pollution. 57: 127-137.
63 . Yanai J, Yabutani M, Yumei K, Biao H, Guobao L and Kosaki T (1998) Heavy metal pollution of agricultural soils and sediments in Liaoning Province, China. Soil Science Plant Nutrition. 44: 367-375.
64 . Yang MJ, Lin XY and Yang XE (1998) Impact of Cd on growth and nutrient accumulation of different plant species. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology. 9: 89-94.
65 . Zhang GP, Fukami M and Sekimoto H (2002) Influence of cadmium on mineral concentrations and yield components in wheat genotypes differing in Cd tolerance at seedling stage. Field Crops Research. 4079: 1-7.
66 . Zhao BH, Zhang HX, Xi LL, Zhu QS and Yang JC (2006) Concentrations and accumulation of cadmium in different organs of hybrid rice. Chinese Journal of Rice Science. 20: 306-312.
67 . Zornoza PS, Vazquez E, Esteban M, Fernandez P and Carpena R (2002) Cadmium-stress in nodulated white lupin: strategies to avoid toxicity. Plant Physiologia Biochemistry. 40: 1003-1009.