Raheleh Ghale Ghafi; Hossein HajiAbaee; Fathieh Nabhani; Salvia Mohammadpour; Zahra Ardanji Kalate Siyahdasht
Abstract
Objective: This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the influence of mycorrhizal fungi (Rhizophagus irigularis) and rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens) inoculation on maize under different fertilization conditions.Methods: This study was carried out in two separate experiments under ...
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Objective: This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the influence of mycorrhizal fungi (Rhizophagus irigularis) and rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens) inoculation on maize under different fertilization conditions.Methods: This study was carried out in two separate experiments under greenhouse settings in 2018. The first experiment aimed to compare the conventional soil inoculation method with microbial seed coating, and the second experiment strived to assess the growth of maize inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria via microbial seed coating at three treatment levels of Hoagland nutrient solution (Control, 80 and 100 volumetric percentage of Hoagland solution). In both experiments, one gram of maize roots and adhering soil were sampled 70 days after microbial seed coating and the available DNA was extracted from the maize rhizosphere.Results: In the first experiment, no significant difference was observed between conventional soil inoculation and microbial seed coating concerning the dry weight of stems and roots, longitudinal colonization percentage of the roots, arbuscule abundance, vesicles abundance, and elemental concentration. In the second experiment and under full fertilization condition, mycorrhizal inoculation resulted in a significant increase in concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc (18.1, 3.5, 56 and 46.0 mg/kg, respectively) compared to the control treatment (12.6, 3.1, 39.6, and 24.4 mg/kg, respectively), and the bacterial inoculation exhibited a significant increase for magnesium, zinc, and manganese (2.0, 42.6, and 145 mg/kg, respectively) compared to the control treatment (1.0, 24.4, and 60 mg/kg, respectively).Conclusion: Microbial seed coating could be regarded as a novel approach of large-scale inoculation of microorganisms in maize production.
majid moslemi; hamidreza mobasser; nematollah sedaghat; eiman eshghi
Abstract
Objective: Optimizing the consumption rate of nitrogen fertilizers is one of the important management strategies to improve performance. This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of nitrogen stress and levels on the morphological characteristics and agronomic ...
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Objective: Optimizing the consumption rate of nitrogen fertilizers is one of the important management strategies to improve performance. This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of nitrogen stress and levels on the morphological characteristics and agronomic traits of rice.Methods: An experiment was conducted in the form of split plots in a randomized complete block design with four replications in 2009 & 2010 at the research farm located in Amol. Nitrogen levels were considered the main factor at three levels (46, 69, 92 kg N/ha-1 from urea source) and the sub-factor included four levels of stress or lack of nitrogen consumption (T1= stress at the full clustering stage, T2= stress at the emergence of the initial cluster stage, T3= stress at the tillering stage, and T4= stress at the transplanting stage).Results: The results demonstrated that the number of full panicles per panicle, 1000-seed weight, grain yield, and harvest index were higher in 2009 than in 2010. Grain yield in the first year (450.25 g/m2) was higher than that of the second year (395.1 g/m2). The maximum harvest index was also obtained in 2009 with nitrogen stress at the full clustering stage.Conclusion: Therefore, the application of 69 kg of nitrogen per hectare in installments can be recommended to produce the highest grain yield.
Behnam Tahmasebpour; Sodabeh Jahanbakhsh; Ali Reza Tarinejad; Hamid Mohammadi; ali ebadi
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between yield and yield components with morphological traits, and to leverage these relationships to select high-yielding cultivars under optimal irrigation and drought stress conditions at the flowering stage.Methods: To identify ...
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Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between yield and yield components with morphological traits, and to leverage these relationships to select high-yielding cultivars under optimal irrigation and drought stress conditions at the flowering stage.Methods: To identify the correlations and relationships among different traits in bread wheat, 30 genotypes were investigated as sub-factors in a split-plot experiment with a completely randomized design and three replications under conditions of normal irrigation and moisture stress at the beginning of the flowering stage at the research greenhouse of Azerbaijan Shahid Madani University in the 2016-2017 crop season.Results: Under normal conditions, the number of seeds in a spike (0.89) and under stress conditions, the number of seeds in a spike (0.70) and the number of days from planting to 50% flowering (-0.60) were decisive and influential on the grain yield. The results of canonical correlation analysis showed a significant correlation between the pair of canonical variables obtained from spike traits with grain yield per plant and spike density under both normal and stress levels.Conclusion: Grain number per spike, spike length, 1000-grain weight, straw yield, spike and shoot density, flag leaf area, and the duration from planting to 50% flowering are the most critical components significantly impacting crop yield enhancement under optimal greenhouse irrigation conditions. Conversely, the critical determinants of grain yield enhancement included grain filling rate, grain filling period, number of days from planting to 50% flowering, root dry weight, straw yield, and grain number per spike when subjected to moisture stress conditions.
mona arefkhani; Ali Rahemi Karizaki; َAbbas Biabani; hossein sabouri; ghorbanali rassam
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this experiment was to study the trend of yield fluctuations and related traits in released wheat cultivars in Iran from 1968 to 2016.Methods: This experiment was conducted with 16 wheat cultivars based on a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications at Shirvan ...
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Objective: The purpose of this experiment was to study the trend of yield fluctuations and related traits in released wheat cultivars in Iran from 1968 to 2016.Methods: This experiment was conducted with 16 wheat cultivars based on a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications at Shirvan Higher Education Complex in North Khorasan during the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 growing seasons.Results: The findings indicated that the Iranian cultivars released do not have significant differences in terms of the number of seeds per spike, plant height, spike length, biological yield and gluten percentage, but grain yield, harvest index, 1000-seeds weight and protein percentage have improved by 61.84, 63.54, 62.37 and 14.4%, respectively, during the last 48 years. Additionally, wheat breeding in Iran has progressed towards single-spike formation. Path analysis showed that the plant height, biological yield, number of fertile tillers/m2 and harvest index explain more than 96% of yield changes and that traits such as the harvest index and number of fertile tillers are considered the most important traits in increasing and decreasing grain yield in Iranian wheat.Conclusion: According to the results of the causality analysis, it can be concluded that the selection for grain yield, based on other traits and without considering the relationships between them, may not provide accurate results. It is necessary to obtain a correct understanding of the role of the relationships between traits in breeding programs to increase selection efficiency.
Ehsan Hasanvand; Mostafa Darvishnia; Hosein Mirzaei najafgholi; Samira Pakbaz
Abstract
Objective: Every year, wheat is affected by various fungal diseases, including Fusarium blight. Seed inoculation with native PGPR is a suitable approach in health management, improving productions and their quality. Methods: To evaluate the bioinhibition ability and activity of antioxidant enzymes peroxidase ...
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Objective: Every year, wheat is affected by various fungal diseases, including Fusarium blight. Seed inoculation with native PGPR is a suitable approach in health management, improving productions and their quality. Methods: To evaluate the bioinhibition ability and activity of antioxidant enzymes peroxidase and catalase by endophytic bacteria in resistant and sensitive genotypes of wheat infected with FHB, a factorial experiment in the form of a completely randomized design was conducted in spring, 2022 at the Faculty of Agriculture of Lorestan University. The experimental treatments included four strains of Pseudomonas brassicacearum, Pseudomonas sp., Exiguobacterium sp., Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and their combination.Results: Results showed that among the four isolates the highest percentage of growth inhibition of fungi was related to the P. brassicacearum isolate with a value of 49.33%. The activity of antioxidant enzymes both in the infected resistant and susceptible cultivars at different times after inoculation with fungus increased significantly compared to the control. The combined treatment of bacteria+ resistant cultivar+ infected showed the highest average activity of catalase with an average of 12.41 and the treatment B3+ sensitive cultivar+ control showed the lowest average catalase activity with an average of 3.59. Also, the combined treatment of bacteria+ resistant cultivar+ infected showed the highest average of 1.93 and the B3+ sensitive cultivar+ control treatment showed the lowest average of peroxidase enzyme activity with an average of 0.58.Conclusion: Considering the high efficiency of the bacterial strains used in increasing the activity antioxidant enzymes and also their antifungal activity, they can be considered as a suitable option in producing healthy plants.
Ali Hadi Almamouri; Mohsen Ebrahimi; Khalil ZeinaliNejad
Abstract
Objective: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the first grain in the world in terms of its importance and amount of production. The aim of this research is to find the genetic diversity among the spring wheat genotypes for use in crop breeding programs.Methods: For this purpose, the genetic diversity of ...
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Objective: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the first grain in the world in terms of its importance and amount of production. The aim of this research is to find the genetic diversity among the spring wheat genotypes for use in crop breeding programs.Methods: For this purpose, the genetic diversity of 32 spring wheat genotypes cultivated in the Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in the crop year of 1401-1400 was investigated by measuring 12 kernel and flour quality traits.Results: The results of analysis of principal components illustrated that the first five components explained a total of 89.05 percent of the variation among traits. The cluster analysis divided the studied genotypes into four groups. Based on the obtained results, the cultivars in the first group, all of which were Iranian, had the highest values of grain gluten, flour gluten and flour protein. The second group, which included the genotypes of Iraq, had the highest values in terms of grain moisture and index, and the lowest values in terms of flour protein, falling number, and hectoliter.Conclusion: The studied spring wheat cultivars showed high genetic diversity in terms of traits. Therefore, suitable parents can be selected based on the desired trait, for crossing between cultivars in future breeding programs.
Narges Salehi; Seyed Keyvan Marashi
Abstract
Objective: Excessive use of chemical fertilizers has led to issues regarding health of humans and other organisms. In this framework, this experiment was designed.Methods: The experiment was conducted based on a factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. ...
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Objective: Excessive use of chemical fertilizers has led to issues regarding health of humans and other organisms. In this framework, this experiment was designed.Methods: The experiment was conducted based on a factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The investigated factors included no foliar application of amino acid, 1, 2 and 3 kg/ha and urea fertilizer consumption in 3 levels as 100, 66 and 33% of the locally-recommended rates.Results: The results showed that the maximum plant height, leaf area index, total dry matter, crop growth rate, net photosynthesis rate, chlorophyll index and grain yield was achieved under 100% urea fertilization and 3 kg/ha of amino acid application, while the minimum belonged to applying 33% of urea without amino acid foliar application of and the differences between them was significant. The maximum total dry matter and grain yield were observed under simultaneous application of 100% urea and 3 kg/ha amino acid, and the minimum was obtained under no foliar application of amino acid and 33% urea, which did not have a significant difference with 66% urea and the application of 3 kg/ha amino acid. Increasing grain yield, under 100% urea and 3 kg/ha amino acid compared to no foliar application of amino acid and 100% urea fertilizer (control) was equal to 76.8%.Conclusion: In general, it is possible to achieve a desirable yield in wheat, in addition to saving chemical fertilizers consumption, by applying 66% of urea fertilizer along with 3 kg/ha of amino acids.
Mona Massoudi; Massoud Goodarzi; Abolfazl Moini; Baharak Motamedvaziri
Abstract
Objective: Drought is one of the climatological phenomena that affect the vast majority of Iran, including Fars Province, in terms of metrological, hydrological, agricultural and socio-economical aspects. Quantitative description and monitoring of this phenomenon requires the utilization of drought indices. Research ...
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Objective: Drought is one of the climatological phenomena that affect the vast majority of Iran, including Fars Province, in terms of metrological, hydrological, agricultural and socio-economical aspects. Quantitative description and monitoring of this phenomenon requires the utilization of drought indices. Research Methodology: To evaluate various drought indices in the Fars province, temperature, precipitation, and evaporation data of 113 stations in and close to the province (including synoptic, climatological stations and rain gauge stations) were collected and analyzed for 51 years (1966-2016). Additionally, 9 drought indices including SPEI, SIAP, DI, SPI, PN, MCZI, CZI, RDI and ZSI were employed. After ensuring data randomness, homogeneity, and normality, the three evaluation methods of minimum rainfall, normal distribution, and cross-correlation were utilized to select the most efficient drought index.Findings: The SPEI index has the lowest difference between different drought classes compared to other indices based on the normal distribution method. According to the cross-correlation method, ZSI index has the highest correlation and similarity with the SPI index. Also, the minimum rainfall method showed that all indicators in the years of minimum rainfall show very severe and severe drought classes and this method cannot be a criterion for selecting the appropriate drought index.Conclusion: In six years out of the 30-year period under evaluation, widespread severe drought had occurred across the province which include the years 1984, 1989, 1994, 2000, 2008, and 2009. Assessment of the indices for ten selected stations across the province indicated the two SIAP and RAI indices to yield similar outcomes.
zahra mohammadzadeh; Raouf Seyed sharif; Salim Farzaneh
Abstract
Objective: Studying the effects of Azospirillum and nanoparticles (silicon and zinc) on grain yield and some traits of Triticale under salinity stress was conducted as a factorial experiment with randomized complete block design and three replications at the research greenhouse of the University of Mohaghegh ...
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Objective: Studying the effects of Azospirillum and nanoparticles (silicon and zinc) on grain yield and some traits of Triticale under salinity stress was conducted as a factorial experiment with randomized complete block design and three replications at the research greenhouse of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2022.Methods: The experimental factors included salinity levels (no salinity as control, salinity of 60 and 120 mM by NaCl), application of Azospirillum (no inoculation as control and seed inoculation with Azospirillum), nanoparticles foliar application (foliar application with water as control, foliar spraying 0.8 g.L-1 nano zinc oxide, 50 mg.L-1 nano silicon, combined foliar application of nano zinc oxide as 0.4 g.L-1 and nano silicon as 25 g.L-1).Results: The application of Azospirillum and nanoparticles in 120mM salinity increased proline content (37.46 percent), hydrogen peroxide (41.66 percent), malondialdehyde (37.57 percent) and the activity of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes (53.86 and 47 percent, respectively) compared with non-saline conditions and lack of Azospirillum and nanoparticles application. Application of Azospirillum and nanoparticles increased the content of soluble sugar (18.68 percent) and catalase enzyme activity (28 percent) as compared with treatments that did not receive Azospirillum application and foliar spraying. Not applying Azospirillum and nanoparticles under 120 mM salinity increased dry matter remobilization from aerial organs (54.25 percent) and the contribution of dry matter remobilization from aerial organs (126.14 percent) compared with the application of Azospirillum and nanoparticles under non-saline conditions.Conclusion: It seems that applying Azospirillum and nanoparticle foliar application can increase grain yield of triticale under salinity stress due to improved biochemical traits.
Bohloul Abbaszadeh; Masoumeh Layeghhaghighi; Samaneh Asadi Sanam; Meysam Ansari
Abstract
Objective: Water deficit stress, permanent or temporary, limits the growth and distribution of natural vegetation and the performance of cultivated plants more than any other environmental factors.Methods: To investigate the effect of water absorption, drought stress and chemical fertilizers on Mint, ...
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Objective: Water deficit stress, permanent or temporary, limits the growth and distribution of natural vegetation and the performance of cultivated plants more than any other environmental factors.Methods: To investigate the effect of water absorption, drought stress and chemical fertilizers on Mint, this experiment was conducted in 2019 at the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, in Karaj, Iran. The experiment was conducted as a split factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor was water absorption in two levels (use and no use) and the sub-factors were drought stress in three levels (90%FC, 60%FC and 30%FC) and chemical fertilizers (nitrogen and phosphor) in four levels (N0P0, N0P150, N300P0 and N300P150 kg/ha).Results: A mean comparison of the interactions of the super adsorbent treatments with stress and chemical fertilizers indicated that the highest leaf yield was achieved with the use of super adsorbent*90%FC*N300P0. Application of super adsorbent*90%FC*N0P150 had the highest inflorescence yield. A mean comparison of the interaction between super adsorbent, drought stress and chemical fertilizers indicated that the highest leaf essential oil percentage (2.9 %) was achieved in the treatment without super adsorbent*30%FC*N300P150. The use of super adsorbent*90%FC*N0P150 had the highest leaf essential oil yield. Mean comparison of the interaction between super adsorbent, drought stress and chemical fertilizers indicated that the highest inflorescence essential oil percentage and yield with the average of 10.2 % and 30.3 kg/ha, respectively, were achieved in the treatment without super adsorbent*90%FC*N300P0.Conclusion: Results indicated that mint is sensitive to water deficiency and sufficient moisture is necessary for its production.
Roya Mousavi; Vida Chalavi; Kamran Ghasemi; Mehdi Hadadinejad
Abstract
Objective: Considering the abundant use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture and their detriments to the environment, it is necessary to consider alternatives to prevent possible damage.Methods: A completely randomized factorial experiment with four replications was conducted in the Nur country to ...
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Objective: Considering the abundant use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture and their detriments to the environment, it is necessary to consider alternatives to prevent possible damage.Methods: A completely randomized factorial experiment with four replications was conducted in the Nur country to investigate the imapct of nitroxin and vermicompost on the qualitative and functional characteristics of Blackberry. The first factor was the percentage of vermicompost at five levels (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% by volume) and the second factor consisted of inoculation and lack of inoculation with nitroxin (Ni).Results: The results demonstrated that the highest fruit weight, number of fruits, and yield were observed at 20% vermicompost. Maximum fruit length (1.62 cm) was obtained with 10% vermicompost and nitroxin inoculation. In analyzing the biochemical traits, the highest soluble solids and taste index were observed in the 10% vermicompost treatment. The largest amount of anthocyanin was obtained in the 20 and 30% vermicompost treatments at 551 and 563 (mg/L fruit juice), respectively. The application of nitroxin along with 30% vermicompost yielded the highest amount of vitamin C among all treatments.Conclusion: The application of vermicompost at 20 to 30% levels had the best impact on the quantitative and qualitative traits of Blackberry, and in cases where high amounts of vermicompost exerted a negative effect on some traits, nitroxin was able to reduce this effect and enhance certain traits. In this assay, the application of vermicompost at 20-30% along with nitroxin demonstrated the best impacts on blackberry traits.