Journal of Crops Improvement

Cluster Analysis and Genotype Clustering of Wheat under Drought Stress over Flowering Phase in the Greenhouse conditions

Behnam Tahmasebpour; Sodabeh Jahanbakhsh; Ali Reza Tarinejad; Hamid Mohammadi; ali ebadi

Volume 27, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 169-187

https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2024.368625.2867

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationships between traits and use these relationships to select high- Objective: Wheat, accounting for about 20% of global cultivated land, is vital for food security. With over 90% of Iran classified as arid or semi-arid, drought stress critically impacts ... Read More Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationships between traits and use these relationships to select high- Objective: Wheat, accounting for about 20% of global cultivated land, is vital for food security. With over 90% of Iran classified as arid or semi-arid, drought stress critically impacts crop yields, causing approximately 17% losses annually. Improving drought resilience and water-use efficiency in wheat is therefore essential. This study aims to assess drought tolerance in bread wheat genotypes based on their performance under normal and water-stressed conditions, and to identify morphological, phenological, and physiological traits linked to high yield for use in breeding programs. Methods: A split-plot experiment with three replications was conducted in a greenhouse to evaluate 30 wheat genotypes under normal irrigation and post-anthesis drought stress. Trait correlations, yield associations, and the relative importance of traits were analyzed using ANOVA, mean comparisons, cluster analysis (Euclidean distance and Ward’s method), and factor analysis. Results: Cluster analysis grouped genotypes into four under normal conditions, with the first group (including cd-6, c-93-8, cd-3, etc.) exhibiting the highest average grain yield of 7.93 g per five plants. Under drought, the second group (Mihan, Eroum, c-93-3, etc.) achieved the highest yield of 2.18 g per five plants. The first two principal components explained 76.24% of data variability, effectively distinguishing sensitive cultivars (C-93-11, C-93-4) and drought-tolerant genotypes (Mihan, Eroum). Biplot analysis identified flag leaf area, vegetative growth rate, fertile tiller number, grain yield, grains per spike, and 1000-grain weight as key traits for genotype separation under both conditions. Conclusion: According to results, the first and second two components explained 76.24% of the changes in the primary data, that the morphological and physiological traits could be determined by the sensitive cultivars (C-93-11 and C-93 4) and separate the drought tolerant (Mihan and Eroum) from each other. Based on the results of Biplot analysis, flag leaf area, vegetative growth rate, number of fertile tillers, grain yield, number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight had a determinative role in isolating genotypes under normal irrigation and stress conditions..

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Forecasting the Effect of Some Future Climatic Factors During of the Reproductive Period and Grain Yield of Some Rain Fed Wheat Cultivars in Khorramabad City

Kamran Haghiabi; Mosa MeskarBashi; Majid Nabipour; Seyed Amir Mosavi

Volume 27, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 189-202

https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2025.382374.2896

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to investigate future changes in climatic factors during 2021–2024, 2041–2060, and 2061–2080 under scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5, and their effects on the reproductive period and grain yield of rain-fed wheat cultivars in Khorramabad. Method: Climate ... Read More Objective: This study aimed to investigate future changes in climatic factors during 2021–2024, 2041–2060, and 2061–2080 under scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5, and their effects on the reproductive period and grain yield of rain-fed wheat cultivars in Khorramabad. Method: Climate projections were generated using the LARS-WG-V7 software and the HadCM3 model, based on 35 years of historical climate data (1987–2023). To predict changes in the reproductive period and grain yield, the APSIM model was employed, incorporating soil, crop, and management data. The output from LARS-WG-V7 served as input for APSIM. An experiment with a randomized complete block design and three replicates was conducted during 2021–2022 at the Lorestan Province Meteorological Department’s research farm in Khorramabad, including three wheat cultivars: Qaboos, Kohdasht, and Aftab. Genetic coefficients were calibrated based on experimental data, and the model was localized accordingly. Model validation was performed using data from ten farms in Khorramabad. Results: Climate scenario analysis revealed that, with increasing CO₂ concentrations (18–86%), minimum temperatures could rise by 10–43%, maximum temperatures by 6–21%, and precipitation by 2–20%. These climatic changes led to a reduction in the reproductive period: 0–1.3% in Qaboos, –1.7% to +1.7% in Aftab, and –1.1% to +2.7% in Kohdasht, depending on the scenario and period. Grain yield decreased on average by 15.6% to 42.2%. Under optimistic and moderate scenarios, Qaboos maintained higher yields than Aftab and Kohdasht; however, in pessimistic scenarios, Kohdasht showed the least decline, and Qaboos consistently outperformed others across climatic periods. Conclusions: Since farmers cannot control climatic conditions, adopting suitable adaptation strategies—such as selecting optimal cultivars, adjusting planting dates, irrigation methods, and plant density—is vital for sustainable production. The APSIM model is a valuable tool for future forecasting, scenario development, and informed decision-making to enhance regional wheat production under changing climate conditions.

Documenting Production Conditions and Quantifying the Yield Gap of Winter Wheat and Barley in Alborz Province by Using the APSIM Model

Sorayya Navid; Mohammadreza Jahansuz; Saied Soufizadeh

Volume 27, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 203-222

https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2025.387384.2910

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to characterize the production conditions and quantify the yield gap of spring wheat and barley in Alborz province using crop and climate models. Method: The potential regional yield over the past decade was estimated using the APSIM-7.1 sub-models (APSIM-Wheat and APSIM-Barley). ... Read More Objective: This study aimed to characterize the production conditions and quantify the yield gap of spring wheat and barley in Alborz province using crop and climate models. Method: The potential regional yield over the past decade was estimated using the APSIM-7.1 sub-models (APSIM-Wheat and APSIM-Barley). These models were first parameterized for dominant local cultivars, and their performance evaluated using climatic data, regional management practices, and genetic coefficients. Data collection involved a four-year study in two phases: farm and field. Parameterization was based on a two-year experiment (2014–2015 at the Atomic Energy Organization farm and 2016–2017 at the University of Tehran), employing a randomized complete block design with 12 treatments (six wheat and six barley cultivars) and three replications. Model evaluation used data from 60 farms in Nazarabad during 2018–2019 and 2019–2020. Results: Model evaluation indices (nRMSE, CRM, D-index, R²) confirmed the effectiveness of APSIM in simulating wheat and barley yields. Simulations indicated potential yields of approximately 10,800 kg/ha for wheat and 10,350 kg/ha for barley over the past 10 years. The yield gaps at different levels were: Level 1 (difference between potential and leading farmers) –18.5% for wheat and 29.5% for barley; Level 2 (available vs. leading farmers) –14.9% and 3.1%; Level 3 (available vs. actual yields) –26.5% and 24.0%; and Level 4 (actual vs. regional average yields) –18.3% and 23.7%. Key management factors influencing yield gaps included irrigation schedule, water use, planting date, cultivar choice, nitrogen application, and plant density. Conclusions: Adopting optimal management practices—such as tailored irrigation, fertilizer application, planting timing, and cultivar selection—can help farmers reduce yield gaps and conserve resources. The APSIM model proves valuable for forecasting, scenario analysis, and decision-making aimed at improving productivity in Alborz province.

Seed Coating of Lateral Buds of Sugarcane Stalk and Determining the Suitable Combination for Producing Single-bud Sugarcane Seeds

zahra ajribzadeh; salim farzaneh; Mahmoud Shomili; Hamid Reza Balouchi; aziz Ker Mullah Chaab; Raouf Seyed Sharifi

Volume 27, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 223-237

https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2023.343312.2713

Abstract

Objective: Considering the high consumption of cuttings in sugarcane cultivation and the rapid deterioration of cuttings, crop management methods after harvesting are necessary. The present study aimed to determine the appropriate coverage for a single sugarcane bud.Methods: This study was performed ... Read More

Evaluation of Ecophysiological Responses and Seed Yield of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) to Zinc Chelate and 24-epibrassinolide Foliar Application under Drought Stress Conditions

Ali Darjani; Iraj Allah dadi; Hamid Jabari; Hassan Amirioghan

Volume 27, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 239-260

https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2025.388201.2913

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to investigate zinc-chelate and 24-epibresinolide foliar application to compensate for reduced safflower seed yield (Goldasht cultivar) under drought-stress conditions. Methods: The experiment was conducted as a split-factorial within a randomized complete block design, ... Read More Objective: This study aimed to investigate zinc-chelate and 24-epibresinolide foliar application to compensate for reduced safflower seed yield (Goldasht cultivar) under drought-stress conditions. Methods: The experiment was conducted as a split-factorial within a randomized complete block design, with three replications at the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII) in Karaj, Iran, across two growing seasons (2022-2024). The treatments included three levels of drought stress: at the flowering stage (I1), seed-filling stage (I2), and a control with regular irrigation (I3). Foliar applications of zinc were applied using distilled water (Zn1), zinc chelate at 3×1000 (Zn2), and at 6×1000 concentrations (Zn3). Additionally, 24-epibrassinolide was applied using distilled water (0 µM, B1) and at concentrations of 0.5 µM (B2) and 1 µM (B3). Results: Drought stress significantly reduced grain yield, the SPAD index, relative leaf water content, and cell membrane stability, while increasing proline content, soluble sugars, and the activities of catalase and peroxidase enzymes. The highest grain yield was obtained under conventional irrigation (2466 kg/ha), whereas yields decreased to 1959 kg/ha during flowering and 2222 kg/ha during the seed-filling stage under drought conditions. The application of 24-epibrassinolide at 1 µM and zinc chelate at 3×1000 concentrations enhanced leaf relative water content, SPAD index, proline and soluble sugar content, cell membrane stability, and enzyme activities. Notably, the highest SPAD index (63.09), relative water content (81.11%), proline content (6.43 mg/g wet weight), and soluble sugar content (90.77 mg/g FW), along with the lowest electrolyte leakage, were observed with the combination of 24-epibrassinolide (1 µM) and zinc chelate (3×1000). The highest grain yield of 2398 kg/ha was also recorded under these treatment conditions, representing increases of 8% and 22% compared to drought-stressed conditions at flowering and seed-filling stages, respectively. Conclusion: Foliar applications of zinc chelate and 24-epibrassinolide effectively mitigate the decline in safflower seed yield under drought stress. Specifically, the application of 24-epibrassinolide at 1 µM and zinc chelate at 3×1000 concentrations can help sustain yield in safflower. We recommend these treatments for safflower cultivation in Pakdasht City and similar regions facing irregular rainfall and limited precipitation, which can adversely affect safflower yield.

Evaluation of Different Weed Management Practices on Yield and Phytochemical Properties of Fennel

Ramin Khalili; jalal khorshidi; Sirwan Babaei

Volume 27, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 261-276

https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2025.383536.2902

Abstract

Objective: The cultivation of fennel is expanding due to its favorable market demand and various applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Weeds are one of the most important factors causing damage in fennel fields. As a result, it is essential to identify the most effective method for ... Read More Objective: The cultivation of fennel is expanding due to its favorable market demand and various applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Weeds are one of the most important factors causing damage in fennel fields. As a result, it is essential to identify the most effective method for weeds control in fennel cultivation. Methods: In this research, the effects of 11 different weed control methods, including glyphosate, paraquat, afalon, diuron, vinegar, one-time cultivation, two-time cultivation, hand weeding, flame weeding, weed-infested, and weed-free conditions, on weeds growth, as well as the yield-attributed and phytochemical characteristics of fennel such as essential oil content and components, were studied. The experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design in 2021 at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan. Results: Herbicide treatment had a significant effect on the dry weight of aerial parts, thousand seed weight, fruit yield, essential oil content, and yield of fennel, as well as the dry weight of weeds. However, the plant height and the number of umbels per plant of fennel were not significantly affected by the herbicide treatment. The highest fennel fruit yield (3.95 tons/ha) was obtained in the weed-free treatment, followed by hand weeding and diuron treatments, which produced 3.63 and 3.3 tons/ha, respectively. The lowest weed dry weight (3.54 g/m²) was recorded in the weed-free treatment, though it was not significantly different from the hand weeding and flame weeding treatments. The essential oil content of fennel fruits did not differ significantly among the treatments (except the weed-free treatment). The highest essential oil yield (133.3 L/ha) was obtained from the fruits of the hand weeding treatment, while the lowest yield (63.9 L/ha) was found in the fruits of the glyphosate treatment. The dominant compounds in the essential oil were similar in all treatments and included anethole, fenchone, and d-limonene. The highest amount of anethole (73.53%), fenchone (12.21%), and d-limonene (11.56%) were observed in the glyphosate, weed-infested, and vinegar treatments, respectively. Conclusion: If the aim is proper weed control and achieving higher fruit and essential oil yield with minimal environmental damage, hand weeding was the best treatment after the weed-free condition. If, in addition to fennel yield, reducing weed control costs is also considered, the diuron was the best treatment. In terms of essential oil quality, characterized by high amounts of anethole and fenchone, and a low level of estragole, the weed-infested treatment was the most favorable

Investigation of some Agronomic and Biochemical Characteristics of the Garden Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) Affected as Inoculation with Mycorrhizal Species and Wood Vinegar Foliar Spraying

mehdi taheri asghari; Saiedeh Salavati; Seyed Reza Miralizadeh Fard

Volume 27, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 277-298

https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2025.380862.2893

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of foliar application of wood vinegar and mycorrhizal fungi on the agronomic and biochemical characteristics of Thymus vulgaris (thyme). Method: A factorial experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications ... Read More

Evaluation of Compatibility and Non-Compatibility of Cucurbit Rootstocks on Physiological and Biosynthesis Assay in 'Khatooni' Melon Scion

maedeh fereshtian; Reza Salehi; abdolkarim kashi; Mesbah Babalar

Volume 27, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 299-314

https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2025.371199.2873

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the physiological and biochemical effects of incompatibility between Khatooni melon (Cucumis melo GR. Inodorus accession Khatooni) scion on cucurbit rootstocks, a series of experiments was conducted in a randomized complete block design at the Horticultural Research Station ... Read More Objective: To investigate the physiological and biochemical effects of incompatibility between Khatooni melon (Cucumis melo GR. Inodorus accession Khatooni) scion on cucurbit rootstocks, a series of experiments was conducted in a randomized complete block design at the Horticultural Research Station of the University of Tehran in Mohammadshahr, Karaj, in 2021. Methodes: Seven different Cucurbit Rootstocks were applied in this research, which include: 'Rout Power', 'ES 900', 'RZ 12', 'Nongwoo 01', 'RZ6' 'Shintozwa', 'Marvel' and the seed rootstock of the melon cultivar 'Khatooni' with the scientific name (Cucumis melo GR. Inodorus accession Khatooni) was also used as a control plant in addition to the scion. Then the effects of incompatibility and compatibility on the yield of fruit weight, number of fruit and marketable yield were checked. Then biochemical activity of plant scion, such as sugar and starch content of scion leaves, leaf mineral elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B) and the amount of stress proteins and enzymes super oxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase (SOD, PO, CAT) were compared. Results: Variance analysis revealed significant differences (p<0.01) among treatments in yield traits, stress enzyme activities, protein, and carbohydrate content. Elements such as nitrogen, potassium, calcium, and boron showed significant variation at the 5% level. The highest fruit weight, number of fruits, and marketable yield were observed with Rout Power and Shintozwa rootstocks, indicating incompatibility compared to the Marvel rootstock. Protein accumulation at the graft junction was 1.03 mg/fresh weight in incompatible Marvel rootstocks versus 0.6 mg in Shintozwa, which was more compatible. Higher antioxidant enzyme activities were found in incompatible rootstocks. Sugar and leaf starch contents were higher in Shintozwa relative to incompatible rootstocks, while leaves of compatible plants showed significantly greater levels of N, Ca, Mg, and B. Conclusion: Rootstock incompatibility adversely affects physiological and biochemical growth traits and scion performance. The Marvel rootstock exhibited incompatibility, whereas Shintozwa demonstrated compatibility with the Khatooni melon scion. Therefore, Shintozwa is recommended as a suitable rootstock for melon grafting to ensure optimal growth and yield

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizer Management on Yield and Qualitative Traits of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in Ahvaz Climate

Mohammad Hasaninasab; Esfandiar Fateh; Amir Aynehband; Ali Monsefi; Korosh Behnamfar

Volume 27, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 315-336

https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2025.378013.2889

Abstract

O Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of combined application of NPK chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers on the yield traits and quantitative characteristics of the hibiscus plant during the 2022-2023 agricultural year at the research farm of the Agricultural and Natural ... Read More O Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of combined application of NPK chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers on the yield traits and quantitative characteristics of the hibiscus plant during the 2022-2023 agricultural year at the research farm of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in Khuzestan Province, Ahvaz. Method: The experiment was conducted using a split-split plot design within a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments included four levels of chemical fertilizers (N0–P0–K0, N75–P50–K50, N150–P75–K75, and N225–P100–K100) and four levels of organic fertilizers (no organic fertilizer, humic acid, vermicompost, and a combination of humic acid + vermicompost). Results: Analysis of variance indicated significant main effects of chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer, and their interaction on all measured traits in roselle. Post hoc comparisons using LSD test (α=0.05) revealed that the combination of N100–P100–K225 with humic acid + vermicompost produced the highest values for most traits, except for seed oil percentage, which was comparable to the N150–P75–K75+ humic acid+ vermicompost treatment for seed dry weight. No significant differences were observed among treatment combinations for aerial parts, number of seeds per boll, 1000-seed weight, sepals per boll, antioxidant capacity of sepals, and biological yield. The lowest trait values were associated with the control treatment (N0–P0–K0) without organic fertilizer. The combined use of organic and chemical fertilizers was found to be compatible and synergistic, providing optimal conditions for plant growth. Conclusions: The findings underscore the significant influence of NPK fertilizer levels on measured traits, with organic fertilizer effects being comparatively less pronounced. Both chemical and organic fertilizers—individually and in combination—improved the growth, yield, and quality of roselle. The integrated use of chemical and organic fertilizers not only reduces production costs but also enhances crop quality while promoting soil health, biodiversity, and sustainability. Organic fertilizers improve soil physical and chemical properties, stimulate root development, and promote the activity of growth-promoting bacteria, thereby increasing nutrient availability. Continuous mineral supply further supports plant development, fruiting, and product quality. ed.

Evaluation of Yield and Some Root and Morphological Characteristics Response of Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) in Intercropping with Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) under Nitrogen Fertilizer Management

Mohammadnaser Modoodi; Vahid Shamsabadi; Ebrahim Jahangir Dehborzoei

Volume 27, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 337-353

https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2025.377099.2884

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to compare different intercropping patterns of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) and roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) with pure guar cultivation, under varying levels of nitrogen fertilizer, in the field of Toos Planting Manager Company in Taybad city, located in ... Read More

Quantitative and Qualitative Yield Response of Guar Seeds to Plant Density and Organic Fertilizer

Faezeh Daryaei; Magid Aghaalikhani

Volume 27, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 355-375

https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2025.370796.2871

Abstract

Objective: The industrial medicinal guar plant (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub.) is a drought-resistant plant well adapted to our country's climate. This plant can produce a desirable yield with low precipitation and minimize the cost of irrigation. Method: To study the effect of planting density ... Read More Objective: The industrial medicinal guar plant (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub.) is a drought-resistant plant well adapted to our country's climate. This plant can produce a desirable yield with low precipitation and minimize the cost of irrigation. Method: To study the effect of planting density and fertilizing systems on guar quantitative and qualitative yield, an experiment was conducted as factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications at research field of Tarbiat Modares University in 2018. Treatments included three planting densities (133,000 D1: 88,000 D2: and 66,000 plants per hectare D3) as the first factor and three nutitional treatments (fertilizing with urea 100 kg/ha; F1, vermicompost 6 ton/ha; F2 and bioGME 2.25 ton/ha; F3) were evaluated as the second factor. The quantitative traits which were measured for guar plant were plant height, number of pods per square meter, number of seeds per pod, weight of 1000 seeds, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index. At the end of the growing season, after removing the margins, random sampling was done from the middle rows of the plots (10 plants from each experimental plot) and the seeds of each treatment were sent to the laboratory to measure the morphological characteristics of the plant and the parameters of the quantitative and qualitative traits of the seeds. Results: The results showed that pod number per m2, seed number per pod, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, oil and protein yield and harvest index were affected significantly by the interaction of density and fertilizer type. The treatment D2F2 was performed the highest amounts of above morphological traits including pod number per m2, seed number per pod, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, oil and protein yield and harvest index. The highest percentage of guargum was observed in D1F1 which was not significantly different from other levels of vermicompost and bioGME fertilizer application in the density of 133000 plants per hectare. Conclusions: Alltogether, it is suggested that the vermicompost applied along with density of 88,000 plants / ha is appropriate for guar cultivation. However, fertilization by chemical manure in 133,000 plant / ha plant density is recommanded whereas the industrial purpose would be considered. Because, gurgum production was in maximized content when chemical fertilizer was applied. .

Effect of cadmium on concentration of copper, iron, manganese and zinc in shoot of different cultivars of wheat

Volume 17, Issue 1 , April 2015, , Pages 27-41

https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2015.54786

Abstract

The aim of this research was to evaluate the average concentrations of micronutrients including: Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn) and Zinc (Zn) in the shoots of different cultivars of wheat in stem elongation stage in a soil contaminated with cadmium (Cd). The treatments consisted of three levels ... Read More

A study on physiological attributes and grain yield of sesame cultivars under different soil moisture regimes

Volume 13, Issue 2 , March 2012, , Pages 75-88

Abstract

Sesame could be an appropriate oilseed crop for water limited environments. This research was aimed at studying growth, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, proline content, yield and yield components of sesame cultivars under different moisture regimes. A 4-replicate split plot RCBD field experiment was conducted ... Read More

Evaluation of Seed Yield and Oil Content of 40 Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) Doubled Haploid Lines

Volume 24, Issue 2 , June 2022, , Pages 497-509

https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2021.331945.2622

Abstract

In order to evaluate the yield components, seed yield, and oil content of Camelina doubled haploid lines, an experiment has been conducted based on a randomized complete block design with 40 doubled haploid lines (as treatments) and three replications in the research farm of College of Aburaihan- the ... Read More

Effect of some chemical treatments on postharvest quality and vase life of gerbera cut flowers (Gerbera jamesonii cv. Good Timing)

Volume 13, Issue 1 , August 2011, , Pages 21-29

Abstract

The effect of gibberelic acid (GA3) and ethanol on the postharvest quality and vase life of gerbera cut flowers was investigated. Freshly cut flower stems of gerbera cultivar ‘Good timing’, were put in vases containing zero, 50, 100, 150, 200 or 300 mgL-1 GA3 for 48 hr and then held in vases ... Read More

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of some Iranian and commercial apple varieties in West Azarbaijan province

Volume 14, Issue 2 , February 2013, , Pages 43-55

https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2013.29500

Abstract

In this study, the amount of total phenol, chlorogenic acid, catechin, quercetin, phloridzin, cyanidin and antioxidant activity of apple (Malus domestica) skin and flesh of six Iranian cultivars, including: ‘Golab Kohanz’, ‘Sib Torsh Dirras’, ‘Ghara Yapragh’, ‘Torkman’, ... Read More

The effect of Cobalt, Molybdenum, and Nitrogen on morphophysiological characteristics of Phaseolus vulgaris in soilless culture

Nader Khadem Moghadam Igdelou; Ahmad Golchin; Khadije Farhadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 17 November 2022

https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2022.292101.2292

Abstract

In order to study the effect of Cobalt, Molybdenum, and Nitrogen on the growth of Phaseolus vulgaris in soilless culture, a pot experiment was conducted in 2015-16 and in July, at 25˚C and light intensity of 40,000 lux as a factorial based on a CRD with 36 treatments and three replications in the greenhouse ... Read More

Evaluation of cold stress tolerance in regenerated seedlings of some lentil genotypes

Hajar Ashoordan; Massoud Dehdari; Asad Masoumiasl; Rahmatollah Karimizadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 June 2025

https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2025.387181.2909

Abstract

Objective: Cold stress causes irreparable losses to plants including lentils (Lens culinaris Medic) as one of the important legumes. Limited information is available on the use of somaclonal variation for improving cold tolerance in lentils. This study aimed to investigate the cold tolerance in lentil ... Read More Objective: Cold stress causes irreparable losses to plants including lentils (Lens culinaris Medic) as one of the important legumes. Limited information is available on the use of somaclonal variation for improving cold tolerance in lentils. This study aimed to investigate the cold tolerance in lentil seedlings regenerate from in vitro culture. Methods: To investigate cold tolerance, regenerated seedlings of seven lentil genotypes were exposed to two temperature conditions of 5 and 25˚C. The experiment was conducted at each temperature level in a completely randomized design with three replications at the Yasouj Agricultural Faculty in 2021. Ten days after application temperature treatments, physiological and morphological traits including root length, root fresh and dry weight, shoot height, shoot fresh and dry weight, carotenoid and chlorophyll contents, electrolyte leakage and total soluble sugar content were measured. Results: The results of the combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of temperature for all traits; the effect of genotype for all traits except root length, and the interaction of temperature and genotype for all traits except shoot height, carotenoid, and chlorophyll content were significant. At the temperature of 5˚C (cold stress), the genotype 09S 83259-14ILL6994/ILL5480 had more values than the other genotypes in terms of most traits. Classification of genotypes using the three-dimensional plot of the first three factor scores introduced the genotypes ILL 7979 and 09S 83259-14ILL6994/ILL5480 as the most tolerant genotypes under cold stress conditions. The genotypes Gachsaran, Kimia, ACC 5588 ILL116 Sel and ACC 4605 were identified as cold-sensetive. Among the traits measured at the vegetative stage, the electrolyte leakage trait had the highest stress intensity value (0.53), indicating that this trait was more affected by cold temperature than other traits. The genotypic and phenotypic variation coefficients showed that the genotypes had the most diversity for the measured traits related to the shoot. The highest broad-sense heritability was related to total soluble sugar (97.81%) and electrolyte leakage (97.70%), and the lowest was related to root length (88.02%). Conclusion: In general, the results showed that there was sufficient genetic diversity of cold tolerance among the seedlings regenerated from the tissue culture of the genotypes. In this study, by measuring the components of genetic variance, it was determined to some extent that the contribution of genetic variance is greater than epigenetic factors for key traits. The high proportion of genetic variance in this study indicates that selection under tissue culture conditions for cold tolerance in lentils will be effective. In addition, important traits such as electrolyte leakage, and fresh and dry weight of the shoot were severely affected by cold stress, which can probably be used as a selection criterion for cold tolerance in lentils. These results can be used in breeding programs to improve cold tolerance in lentils.

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Investigating the effect of melatonin on Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) under different irrigation levels

Mina Amani; Mohsen Sabzi-Nojadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 07 June 2025

https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2025.386525.2908

Abstract

Objective: The increasing global population and the growing demand for medicinal plants in the pharmaceutical industry highlight the importance of active compounds derived from these plants across various sectors. This trend has led to a significant rise in the cultivation of medicinal plants, particularly ... Read More Objective: The increasing global population and the growing demand for medicinal plants in the pharmaceutical industry highlight the importance of active compounds derived from these plants across various sectors. This trend has led to a significant rise in the cultivation of medicinal plants, particularly Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.), which has gained popularity worldwide. However, as the cultivation of Moldavian balm expands, it is likely to encounter abiotic stresses, particularly water deficit stress, during its growing season. Drought stress can severely affect plant health by disrupting physiological and metabolic functions. In this context, melatonin has emerged as a crucial regulator of plant biological responses, modulating various physiological processes and enhancing resilience to stress conditions. Therefore, considering the limited water resources in the country and the positive effects of melatonin on plants, as well as the medicinal importance of Moldavian balm, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of melatonin on improving the physiological properties of the medicinal plant Moldavian balm in greenhouse cultivation. Method: In this study, we investigated the effects of different concentrations of melatonin (such as control, 50, and 100 micromolar) on the physiological characteristics of Moldavian balm subjected to varying levels of drought stress (including 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of field capacity). The experimental design employed was a factorial arrangement in a completely randomized block design with three replications, allowing for robust statistical analysis of the results. This experiment was conducted in the greenhouse and laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ahar, University of Tabriz. Results: The application of 100 µM melatonin significantly enhanced the levels of photosynthetic pigments in Moldavian balm. This increase is crucial as chlorophyll and carotenoids are vital for photosynthesis, enabling plants to convert light energy into chemical energy efficiently. Enhanced photosynthetic activity directly correlates with improved growth and productivity, especially under stress conditions. The study revealed that melatonin treatment, particularly at the 100 µM concentration, led to a marked increase in secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds and flavonoids. These compounds are known for their role in plant defense mechanisms, providing protection against environmental stressors, including drought. The highest recorded levels of phenol (51.952 mg gallic acid g-1 FW) and flavonoid (11.424 mg quercetin g-1 FW) were observed in the melatonin-treated plants, indicating enhanced protective capabilities. The activity of antioxidant enzymes, specifically phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, was significantly elevated in the melatonin-treated plants. This enzyme plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds, which are instrumental in combating oxidative stress. The recorded activity of 17.84 µM cinnamic acid min. mg-1 protein under severe drought conditions (25% of field capacity) underscores the protective role of melatonin in enhancing plant resilience. Conclusion:The findings of this study clearly demonstrate that melatonin can serve as an effective agent in reducing the damage caused by drought stress in Moldavian balm. By enhancing photosynthetic efficiency, increasing secondary metabolite production, and boosting antioxidant enzyme activity, melatonin not only helps plants withstand unfavorable environmental conditions but also improves their overall quality and yield.

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Dynamics of photoassimilates in the stem internodes of rainfed barley cultivars grown under regions with different climate

Mehdi Joudi; Asghar Mehraban

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 07 June 2025

https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2025.389854.2916

Abstract

Objective: This research was carried out to study the potential of photoassimilates accumulation and remobilization in the stem internodes of rainfed barley cultivars grown under regions with different climates. Methods: Eight barley cultivars (four two-rowed and four six-rowed cultivars) were cultivated ... Read More Objective: This research was carried out to study the potential of photoassimilates accumulation and remobilization in the stem internodes of rainfed barley cultivars grown under regions with different climates. Methods: Eight barley cultivars (four two-rowed and four six-rowed cultivars) were cultivated under rainfed conditions in Meshginshahr (Mediterranean region with cold winter) and Jafarabad-Moghan (semi-tropical region with semi-cold winter) during 2023-2024 growing season. Photoasimilate accumulation and remobilization were measured in the stem internodes (peduncle, penultimate, and lower internodes) based on dry weight changes. Results: Experimental sites were different in terms of climate. At Meshginshahr site, the high amount of precipitation and the low average temperature caused the growing season to be longer compared to Moghan site. The length of upper internodes (peduncle and penultimate) was higher in Meshginshahr than Moghan. On the other hand, the lower internodes formed a higher proportion of the stem length at Moghan region. The maximum weight of peduncle, penultimate and lower internodes was attained in Meshginshahr condition at 18, 18 and 15 days after anthesis, and in Moghan region at 4, 4 and 4 days after anthesis, respectively. The maximum weight of internodes (accumulated photoassimilates), the amount of reserves remobilization as well as the amount of grain yield per stem were higher in Meshginshahr than Moghan. Large variations were found for morphologic, physiologic, and agronomic traits among tested cultivars. In general, cultivar × location interaction was not significant for maximum weight and maximum specific weight of internodes and stem. Althought the values of these traits varied with location, the rank of cultivars for these variables remaned nealy unchanged. The highest values of internode’s weight and specific weight belonged to Barzin and Jolgeh cultivars at Meshginshhar and Moghan regions. Cultivar × location interaction was significant for internodes and stem’s remobilization. The change of location, on the one hand, altered the values of these traits and, on the other hand, changed the ranking of cultivars for them. Jolgeh and Barzin at Meshginshahr and Barzin and Oxin at Moghan region showed the highest values of internode’s cumulative remobilization. Conclusion: In the current study, the amount of accumulation and remobilization was highest in the lower internodes under both Meshginshar and Moghan regions. Therefore, in order to reach their potential for accumulating the dry matter at the beginning of spring as well as to be a major source of dry matter remobilization at the end of growing season, the lower internodes are expected to have appropriate lengths, weights and specific weights.