Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Horticultural Science and Agronomy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: Forough.fallahi@srbiau.ac.ir

2 Corresponding Author, Department of Horticultural Science and Agronomy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: abdossi@srbiau.ac.ir

3 Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran. E-mail: m-bagheri@areeo.ac.ir

4 Department of Horticultural Science and Agronomy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: ghanbari@srbiau.ac.ir

5 Department of Agronomy, Shahr Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: h.mozafari@qodsiau.ac.ir

10.22059/jci.2022.341315.2696

Abstract

In order to select suitable parents for breeding purposes, one must have sufficient knowledge of genetic diversity and germplasm classification. It was for this reason that a study was conducted in 2019 at the Seed and Plant Research Institute in Karaj in order to identify and classify 17 eggplant genotypes based on the randomized complete block design. This stud measured 19 morphological traits such as number of days to flowering, plant height, number of stems per plant, number of nodes, and internodes, weight, and fruit yield as well as total phenol content, total anthocyanin content and glico-aldeid solasonin. The results of the analysis of variance revealed a significant difference for all the traits (p≤0.01). The range of variation showed great genetic diversity among cultivars, which can be useful for different breeding purposes, lower plant height to prevent dormancy. Greater number of stems and flowers are important to achieve higher yield, wherein 13321 genotypes showed lower height among genotypes. Cluster analysis classified the studied genotypes into three groups, and separated white eggplants from colored ones correctly. The PCA also confirmed the results of cluster analysis, showing that the color eggplants had more fruit yield, lower levels of solasonine, and lower days to maturity than white eggplants. However, the color eggplants that were used in this research were breeding cultivars; therefore, the use of breeding methods would be important to improve the quality and quantitative of eggplant genotypes.

Keywords

اله قلی پور، مهرزاد، عبادی، علی اکبر و محمدصالحی، محمدصالح (1383). بررسی تنوع ژنتیکی و طبقه بندی ارقام مختلف برنج. علوم کشاورزی ایران، 35 (4)، 973-981.
باقری، محمود.، نقوی، محمدرضا.، حسندخت، محمدرضا و شاه‏بوشهری، علی اکبر (1395). شناسائی و توالی‌یابی ژن تلخی (sgt1) بادمجان (Solanum melongena L.). فصلنامه علمی ژنتیک نوین، ۱۱ (۳)، ۳۱۹-۳۲۸.
خالقی، صدیقه سادات.، مبلی، مصطفی.، بانی‏نسب، بهرام و مجیدی، محمد مهدی (1398). بررسی عملکرد و تنوع صفات مورفولوژیک برخی ارقام محلی بادمجان ایران (Solanum melongena L.). نشریه تولید و فرآوری محصولات زراعی و باغی، ۹ (۱)، ۱۵-۳۲.
نقدی‏پور، امین.، خدارحمی، منوچهر.، پورشهبازی، عباس و اسماعیل‏زاده، محسن (1390). تجزیه به عامل‏ها برای عملکرد دانه و سایر خصوصیات گندم دوروم. فصلنامه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، 7 (1)، 96-84.
والایی، بهروز و برنوسی، ایرج (1399). تنوع فنوتیپی برای عملکرد میوه و برخی صفات مرتبط با آن در جمعیت‏های محلی گوجه‌فرنگی (Solanum lycopersicum L.) منطقه کلیبر. تولیدات گیاهی، 43 (3)، 396-387.
References
Naghdipour, A., Khodarahmi, M., Porshahbazi, A., & Esmaeilzade, M. (2011). Factor analysis for grain yield and other traits in durum wheat, Journal of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, 7(1), 84-96. (In Persian).
Altaye, T. (2015). Determination of genetic diversity and population structure in eggplant. Master of Science in Molecular Biology and Genetics. School of Engineering and Sciences of İzmir Institute of Technology.
Amom, T., & Nongdam, P. (2017). The use of molecular marker methods in plants, a review. International Journal of Current Research and Review, 9, 1-7.
Bagheri, M., Naqvi, M. R., Hasandokht, M. R., & Shahbusheri, A. A. (2015). Identification and sequencing of the bitterness gene (sgt1) of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Scientific Quarterly of Modern Genetics, 11(3), 319-328. (In Persian).
Bashar, A., Jahan, N., Ali Ahmed, F., Hossain, M. K., & Alam, N. (2015). Morphological and phytochemical variation in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Pharma Science Monitor, 6(4), 1-11.
Begum, F., Islam, A. A., Rasul, M. G., Mian, M. K., & Hossain, M. M. (2013). Morphological diversity of eggplant (Solanum melongena) in Bangladesh. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 25(1), 45-51.
Binava, S., Yavari, A., & Shokrpour, M. (2021). Study on morphological variation of Salvia mirzayanii natural populations. Iranian Journal of Rangelands and Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research, 29(1), 79-95.
Braga, P. C., Lo Scalzo, R., dal Sasso, M., Lattuada, N., Greco, V., & Fibiani, M. (2016). Characterization and antioxidant activity of semi-purified extracts and pure delphinine-glycosides from eggplant peel (Solanum melongena L.) and allied species. Journal of Functional Foods, 20, 411-421.
Bushway, R. J., Barden, E.S., Wilson, A. M., & Bushway, A. A. (1980). Analysis of potato glycoalkaloids by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Food Science, 45, 1088-1089.
Cantwell, M., & Suslow, T. (2013). Eggplant: Recommendations for Maintaining Postharvest Quality. Davis: University of California, Department of Plant Sciences.
Chattopadhyay, A., Dutta, S., & Hazra, P. (2011). Characterization of genetic resources and identification of selection indices of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) grown in Eastern India. Vegetable Crops Research Bulletin, 74, 39-49.
Daunay, M. C., & Hazra, P. (2012). Eggplant. In Handbook of Vegetables. edited by Peter KV, Hazra P. Houston: Studium Press, 257-322.
Docimo, T., Francese, G., Ruggiero, A., Batelli, G., De Palma, M., & Bassolino, L. (2016). Phenylpropanoids accumulation in eggplant fruit: characterization of biosynthetic genes and regulation by a MYB transcription factor. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6, 1233.
Elah Qolipour, M., Mohammad Salehi, M. S., & Ebadi, A. A. (2004). Investigation of genetic diversity and classification of different rice cultivars. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 35(4), 973-981. (In Persian).
Ercan, N., & Kurum, R. (2003). Plant, flower, fruit and seed characteristics of five generation inbred summer squash lines (Cucurbita pepo L.). Pakistan Journal of Botany, 35(2), 237-241.
Furini, A., & Wunder, J. (2004). Analysis of eggplant (Solanum melongena) -related germplasm: Morphological and AFLP data contribute to phylogenetic interpretations and germplasm utilization. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 108, 197-208.
Ge, H., Liu, Y., Jiang, M., Zhang, J., Han, H., & Chen, H. (2013). Analysis of genetic diversity and structure of eggplant populations (Solanum melongena L.) in China using simple sequence repeat markers. Scientia Horticulturae (Amsterdam), 162, 71-75.
Hazra, P., Rout, A., Roy, U., Nath, S., Roy, T., Dutta, R., & Mondal, A.K. (2003). Characterization of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) germplasm. Journal of Vegetation Science, 30(2), 145-149.
Hepper, F. N., & Jaeger, P. M. L. (1986). Name changes for two Old World Solanum species. Kew Bulletin, 41, 433-435.
Islam, M.S., & Uddin, M.S. (2009). Genetic variation and trait relationship in the exotic and local eggplant germplasm. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 34, 91-96.
Kashyap, V., Vinod kumar, S., Collonnier, C., Fusari, F., Haicour, R., Rotino, G. L., Sihakr, D., & Rajam, M. V. (2003). Biotechnology of eggplant. Scientia horticulturae, 97, 1-25.
Khaleghi, S. S., Mebli, M., Bani Nasab, B., & Majidi, M. M. (2018). Investigating the performance and diversity of morphological traits of some local cultivars of Iranian eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Journal of production and processing of agricultural and horticultural products, 9(1), 15-32. (In Persian).
Kumar, R., Gupta, S. S., Singh, N., & Chandra, A. (2007). Evaluation of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) germplasm under Sub-tropical condition. Capsicum Eggplant Newsletter, 19, 115-118.
Kumar, R. S., Arumugam, T., & Anandakumar, C. R. (2013). Genetic Diversity in Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Plant Gene and Trait, 4(2), 4-8.
Liseed, M. (2007). Breeding squash: publishing, selecting and the art of selection and the sprawling zucchini. liseed.org. Viewed on March 8, 2022. From https://www.liseed.org/art.html.
Malek, M. A., Rafii, M. Y., Afroz, M. S. S., Nath, U. K., & Mondal, M. M. A. (2014). Morphological characterization and assessment of genetic variability, character association and divergence in Soybean mutants. Scientific World Journal, 14, doi.org/10.1155/2014/968796.
Meyer, R. S., Karol, K. G., Little, D. P., Nee, M. H., & Litt, A. (2012). Phylogeographic relationships among Asian eggplants and new perspectives on eggplant domestication. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 63, 685-701.
Muanda, F. N., Soulimani, R., Diop, B., & Dicko, A., (2011). Study on chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil and extracts from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 44(9), 1865-1872.
Mungai, G. W., Giovanonni, J. J., Nyende, A. B., Ambuko, J., & Owino, W. (2016). Phenotypic characterization of selected African eggplant accessions collected from a number of African countries. International Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 6(6), 1048-1058.
Munoz-Falcon, E. J., Prohens, J., Vilanova, S., Ribas, F., Castroc, A., & Nuez, F. (2009). Distinguishing a protected geographical indication vegetable (Almagro eggplant) from closely related varieties with selected morphological traits and molecular markers. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 89, 320-328.
Oloyede, F. M. (2012). Growth, yield and antioxidant profile of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) leafy vegetable as affected by NPK compound fertilizer. Journal of soil science and plant nutrition, 12(3), 379-388.
Osei, M. K., Banful, B., Osei, C. K., & Oluoch, M. O. (2010). Characterization of African eggplant for morphological characteristics. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 4(3), 33-37.
Plazas, M., Lopez-Gresa, M., Vilanova, S., Torres, C., Hurtado, M., Gramazio, P., Andujar, I., Herraiz, F. J., Belles, J. M., & Prohens, J. (2013). Diversity and relationships in key traits for functional and apparent quality in a collection of eggplant: Fruit phenolics content, antioxidant activity, polyphenol oxidase activity, and browning. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61, 8871-8879.
Plazas, M., Prohens, J., Cuñat, A. N., Vilanova, S., Gramazio, P., & Herraiz, F. J. (2014). Reducing capacity, chlorogenic acid content and biological activity in a collection of scarlet (Solanum aethiopicum) and gboma (S. macrocarpon) eggplants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 15, 17221-17241.
Polignano, G., Uggenti, P., Bisignano, V., & Gatta, C. D. (2010). Genetic divergence analysis in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and allied species. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 57, 171-181.
Portis, E., Cericola, F., Barchi. L., Toppino, L., Acciarri, N., & Pulcini, L. (2015). Association Mapping for Fruit, Plant and Leaf Morphology Traits in Eggplant. PLoS One, 10(8), e0135200.
Portis, E., Lanteri, S., Barchi, L., Portis, F., Valente, L., Toppino, L., & Acquadro, A. (2018). Comprehensive characterization of simple sequence repeats in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) genome and construction of a web resource. Frontiers in plant science, 9, 401.
Pradeepa, G. L. (2002). Fruit setting behavior of Solanum melongena L. Tropical agricultural research and exptention, 5(1&2), 13-16.
Prohens, J., Blanca, J. M., & Nuez, F. (2005). Morphological and molecular variation in a collection of eggplant from secondary center of diversity: Implication for conservation and breeding. American Society of Horticultural Science, 130(1), 54-60.
Prohens, J., Whitaker, B. D., Plazas, M., Vilanova, S., Hurtado, M., Blasco, M., & Stommel, J. R. (2013). Genetic diversity in morphological characters and phenolic acids content resulting from an interspecific cross between eggplant, Solanum melongena, and its wild ancestor (Solanum incanum). Annals of Applied Biology, 162(2), 242-257.
Rahman, M. O., Rabbani, M. G., Yesmin, R., & Garvey, E. J. (2014). Genetic diversity of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) through multivariate analysis. International Journal of Natural and Social Science, 1, 85-93.
Raigón, M. D., Prohens, J., Muñoz-Falcón, J. E., & Nuez, F. (2008). Comparison of eggplant landraces and commercial varieties for fruit content of phenolics, minerals, dry matter and protein. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 21, 370-376.
Ritchie, J. T., & Nesmith, D. S. (1991). Temperature and crop development. Modeling plant and soil systems, 31, 5-29.
Samuels, J. (2012). Solanum incanum S. I. (Solanaceae): Taxonomic relationships between S. incanum, S. campylacanthum, S. panduriforme and S. lichtensteinii. Kew Bulletin, 67, 1-11.
Schneider, C. K. (1995). The genus Berberis (Euberberis). Preparation of a monograph. Bull Herb Boissier, 5(2), 33-48.
Slinkard, K., & Singleton, V. L. (1977). Total phenol analysis: automation and comparison with manual methods. American journal of enology and viticulture, 28(1), 49-55.
Taher, D., Solberg, S., Prohens, J., Chou, Y. Y., Rakha, M., & Wu, T. H. (2017). World Vegetable Center Eggplant Collection: Origin, Composition, Seed Dissemination and Utilization in Breeding. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 1484.
Tümbilen, Y., Frary, A., Mutlu, S., & Doğanlar, S. (2011). Genetic diversity in Turkish eggplant (Solanum melongena) varieties as determined by morphological and molecular analyses. International Research Journal of Biotechnology, 2(1), 16-25.
Uddin, M. S., Rahman, M. M., Hossain, M. M., & Mian, M. A. K. (2014). Genetic diversity in eggplant genotypes for heat tolerance. SAARC Journal of Agriculture, 12(2), 25-39.
Valaei, B., & Bernousi, I. (2020). Phenotypic Diversity for Fruit Yield and some Related Traits in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Local Populations of Kalaybar Region. Plant Productions, 43(3), 387-396. https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.28002.1691. (In Persian).
Weese, T. L., & Bohs, L. (2010). Eggplant origins: out of Africa, into the Orient. Taxon, 59, 49-56.