Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 M.Sc. Student, Department of Crop Productions, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of crop productions, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran

Abstract

In order to investigate the effect of chitosan and salicylic acid elicitors on osmotic adjustment and some physiological traits of Hyssop under experimental drought conditions, an experiment has been carried out as a split plot design with randomized complete block design with three replications at research farm of Gonbad Kavous University during 2018-2019. Irrigation factor at three levels include 7, 14, and 21 days irrigation interval as main factor and four levels of spraying including no elicitor (control treatment, spraying), salicylic acid (300 mg. l-1), Chitosan spraying (5 g. l-1), and combination of salicylic acid and chitosan, considered as auxiliary agents. Results of analysis of variance show that the interaction between spraying and irrigation has had significant effects on ion leakage, chlorophyll a content, soluble sugar, and malondialdehyde content but insignificant impacts on carotenoid and essential oil yield. Spraying of salicylic acid, with 17% reduction in ion leakage and 40% reduction in plant malondialdehyde, compared to the control, increase the stability of cell membranes under 21-day irrigation stress. In the same treatment, chitosan has increased the amount of photosynthetic pigments and total chlorophyll by 51%, compared to the control. According to the results, salicylic acid and Chitosan have been able to increase the ability of hyssop in response to water deficit stress by activating different tolerance mechanisms.

Keywords

Ahmad, P., & Prasad M. N. V. (2012). Abiotic Stress Responses in Plants: Metabolism, Productivity and Sustainability, Springer, New York, USA, 279p.
Amiri, A., Esmaeilzadeh Bahabadi, S., & Sirus Mehr, A. R. (2013). The effect of chitosan spraying on crop yield under drought stress. First National Conference of Agricultural Engineering and Natural Resources, Hamedan, Iran. (In Persian).
Amiri, A., Esmaeilzadeh Bahabadi, S., Yadollahi Dehcheshmeh, P., & Sirousmehr, A. (2017). The Role of Salicylic Acid and Chitosan Foliar Applications ‎under Drought Stress Condition on Some Physiological Traits ‎and Oil Yield of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)‎. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 41(1), 69-84. (In Persian). https://dx.doi.org/10.22059/jci.2016.56581
Amiri, A., Sirousmehr, A., Yadollahi, P., Asgharipour, M., & Esmaeilzadeh Bahabadi, S. (2016). Effect of drought stress and spraying of salicylic acid and chitosan on photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant enzymes in safflower. Agricultural crop Management, 18(2), 453-466. https://10.22059/JCI.2016.56581
Arnon, D. I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology, 24(1), 1-15.
Asgarirad, H., Pourmorad, F., Hosseinimehr, S., Saeidnia, J., Ebrahimzadeh, S., & Lotfi, F. (2010). In vitro antioxidant analysis of (Achillea tenuifolia. L.). African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(24), 3536-3541.
Ashraf, M.Y., & Azmi, A. R., & Khan, A. H., & Ala, S. A. (1994). Effect of water stress on total phenols, peroxidase activity and chlorophyll content in wheat. Acta Physiology Planta, 16(3), 185-191. (In Persian)
Bates, L. S., Waldren, R. P., & Teare, I. D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39(1), 205-207.
Dolatmand Shahri, N., & Hagh Shenas, M. (2017). Effect of different amounts of soil moisture in different salicylic acid levels on enzymes activity and morphophysiological characteristics of alfalfa. Crop Physiology Journal, 9(33).
Emami Bistgani, Z., Siadat, S. A., Bakhshandeh, A., & Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A. (2017). The effect of drought stress and elicitor of chitosan on photosynthetic pigments, proline, soluble sugars and lipid peroxidation in (Thymus deanensis Celak.) in Shahrekord climate. Environmental stresses in Crop Sciences, 10(1), 20-13.
Emami Bistgani, Z., Siadat, S., Bakhshandeh, A., & Ghasemi Pirbaloti, A. (2015). Effects of chemical and organic fertilizers and chitosan on physiological traits and phenolic compound amounts in thyme (Thymus deanensis Celak) in Shahrekord region. Journal of Crop Production Research, 7(1). (In Persian).
Habibi, Gh., Sadeghipour, Z., & Hajiboland, R. (2015). Flora, life form and chorological study of soil seed banking Sisangan box tree (Buxus hyrcanus Pojark). Forest Reserve, 7(25), 17-28.
Hasanzadeh, K., Hemmati, Kh., & Alizadeh, M. (2016). Effect of organic fertilizers and salicylic acid on the yield and some secondary metabolites of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.). Journal of Plant Production Research, 23(1), 107-130. (In Persian). https://jopp.gau.ac.ir
Heath, R.L., & Packer, L. (1968). Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts: I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 125, 189-198.
Jami, N., Mousavi Nik, S. M., & Naghiza, M. (2015). The effect of drought stress and foliar application with salicylic acid on qualitative and quantitative yield of Black cumin under Kerman climatic condition. Journal of Crops Improvement, 17(3), 827-840. (In Persian). https://10.22059/JCI.2015.54389
Kamali, M., Kharrazi, S. M., Salah Variz, Y., & Tehrani Far, A. (2012). Effect of salicylic acid on growth and some morphophysiological traits of (Gomphrena globosa L.) in salinity stress conditions. Journal of Horticulture, 26(1), 104-112. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v0i0.12899
Khajeh, H., & Naderi, S. (2014). The effect of chitosan on some antioxidant enzymes activity and biochemistry characterization in Melissa (Melissa officinalis (. Research Journal of Crop Science in Arid Area, 1, 100-116. (In Persian)
Khan, M. A., & Iqba, M., (2011). Breeding for drought tolerance in wheat constraints and future prospects. Frontiers Agriculture in China, 5(1), 31-34.
Kochert, G. (1978). Carbohydrate determination by the phenol sulfuric acid method. In Helebust, J. A., & Craig, J. S (ed) Handbook physiological methods, Cambridge university. Press, Cambridge, 96-97.
Lichtenthaler, H.K. (1987). Cholorophylls & cartenoids: pigments of photosynthetic bio membranes. Method Enzymology 148: 350-382.
Mahdavi, B., & Rahimi, A. (2013). Seed priming with chitosan improves the germination and growth performance of ajowan (Carum copticum) under salt stress. EurAsian Journal of BioSciences, 7, 69-76.
 Mahdavi, B., Modarres Sanavy, S. A. M., Aghaalikhani, M., Sharifi, M., & Dolatabadian, A. (2011). Chitosan improves osmotic potential tolerance in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seedlings, Journal of Crop Improvement, 25, 728-741. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2011.606354
Mahdavi, B., ModarresSanavy, S. A. M., Aghaalikhani, M., Sharifi, M., & Alavi Asl, S. A. (2014). Effect of Foliar Application of Chitosan on Growth and Biochemical Characteristics of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under Water Deficit Stress. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 12(2), 229-236. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v12i2.39153
Moradi, R., & Pourghasemian, N. (2018). Effect of Salicylic Acid Application on Mitigating Impacts of Drought Stress in Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Water and Soil Science, 28(2), 15-28. (In Persian).
Mosapour Yahyaabadi, H., Asgharipour, M. R., & Basiri, M. (2016). Role of chitosan in improving salinity resistance through some morphological and physiological characteristics in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture Soilless Culture Research Center, 7(1), 165-175.
Naderi, S., Fakheri, B. A., & Seraji, M. (2014). The effect of chitosan on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of Ajowan (Carum copticum L.). Crop Sciences Research in the Dry Areas, 1, 187-201. (In Persian). https://10.22034/CSRAR.01.01.05
Naghizadeh, M., & Gholami Tooran Poshti, M. (2014). Evaluation the effect of seed priming by salicylic acid on yield and yield components of wheat under drought stress conditions. Agroecology, 6(1), 162-170. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v6i1.35683
Naseri, Z., Abbassi, F., & Mahmoodzadeh, H. (2011). Effects of different water deficit levels and GA3 on the accumulation of proline and soluble and insoluble sugars in leaves of a new cultivar of barley (Hordeum vulgar L.). Journal of Plant Science Researches, 6(2), 1-10. (In Persian).
Ramezannezhad, R., Lahooti, M., & Ganjali, A. (2013). Effect of salicylic acid spraying on some physiological and biochemical indices of susceptible and resistant chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under drought stress. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology, 5(12), 46-62. (In Persian).
Rezaei Chiyaneh, A., & Pirzad, A. R. (2014). Effect of Salicylic Acid on Yield, Component Yield and Essential Oil of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) under Water Deficit Stress. Iranian Journal of field crops Research, 12(3), 437-427. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v12i3.42218
Sairam, R.K., & Srivastava, G.C. (2001). Water stress tolerance of wheat Triticum aestivum L.: Variation in hydrogen peroxide accumulation and antioxidant activity in tolerant and susceptible genotype. Journal Agronomy and Crop Science 186, 63-70.
Salarpour, F., & Farahbakhsh, H. (2014). Effects of drought stress and salicylic acid on morphological and physiological traits of (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Journal of Crop Improvement, 16(3), 765-778. (In Persian). https://10.22059/JCI.2014.53276
Sartip, H., & Sirousmehr, A. R. (2018). Evaluation of salicylic acid effects on growth, yield and some biochemical characteristics of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) under three irrigation regimes. Environmental stresses in crop science, 10(4), 547-558. (In Persian).  https://10.22077/ESCS.2017.21.1007
Soleimani, N., Mohabati Mobarez, A., Seyed Jafari Olia, M., & Atyabi, F. (2015). Synthesis, characterization and effect of the antibacterial activity of chitosan nanoparticles on vancomycin- resistant Enterococcus and other gram negative or gram positive bacteria. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences and Technology, 26(1), 14-23.
Taheri, Gh. (2015). Effects of Chitosan Spraying on Physiological Characteristics of Ferula flabelliloba (Apiaceae) under drought stress. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 13(4), 728-737. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v13i4.32342
Wesolowska, A., Jadczak, D., & Grzeszczuk, M. (2010). Essential oil composition of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) cultivated in north-western Poland. Herba Polonica, 56(1), 57-65. 26.
Xoconostle-Cazares, B., Ramirez-Ortega, F. A., Flores-Elenes, L., & Ruiz-Medrano, R. (2010). Drought tolerance in crop plants. American Journal of Plant Physiology, 5(5), 241-256.
 Yazdanpanah, S., Abasi, F., & Baghzadeh, A. (2010). Effect of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid on proline, sugar and protein content in (Satureja hortensis L.) under aridity stress. Proceeding of the First National Conference of Environmental Stress in Agricultural Science, The University of Birjand, 28-29. (In Persian).
 Yin, H., Xavier, F., Chrestensen, L. P., & Grevsen, K. (2011). Chitosan Oligosaccharides promote the Content of polyphenols in Greek Oregano (Oreganum vulgare ssp.hirtum). Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 136-143.