Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Semnan, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Semnan, Iran.

3 Professor of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran

Abstract

In order to study the effects of late-season drought stress and foliar application of potassium silicate on yield and yield components of spring genotypes of canola, a factorial split-plot experiment is conducted in Karaj, Iran in a randomized complete block configuration with three replications for two years of cultivation (2016-2018). The irrigation is performed at two levels in this study, including routine irrigation (control) and interruption of irrigation from the pod formation stage. Potassium silicate foliar application at two levels is comprised of 0 and 4 g liter-1 in factorial status in main plots and five Brassica napus L. genotypes including OG×AL, RGS×SLM, DALGAN, RGS003 and RGS×Okapi in subplots.  The results show that the measured properties are affected by the applied treatments. Full irrigation with foliar application in OG×AL genotype results in highest seed yield (5620 Kg/ha) and total chlorophyll content (1.71 mg/g.FW) increase stomatal resistance, leaf proline, leaf soluble and carbohydrates, decreasing total chlorophyll content and relative leaf water content. Under drought stress conditions, DALGAN and RGS× SLM genotypes have higher yield, which indicates its better performance under stress conditions. Finally, our research demonstrates Potassium Silicate's beneficial effects in improving the drought tolerance of canola plants, particularly at the end of the season. Our study will act as a foundation for any attempt in new approaches to mitigate drought damage, establishing a functional connection between the position of potassium silicate, physiological response, and drought stress tolerance in canola plants.

Keywords

Aein, A. (2011). Changes in the amount of proline, carbohydrate solution and potassium, zinc and calcium absorption in sesame genotypes (Sesamum indicum L.) under drought stress. Crop Production under Environmental Stress Conditions, 4(3), 39-48. (In Persian).
Agarie, S., Uchida, H., Agata, W., Kubota, F., & Kaufman, B. (1993). Effect of silicon on growth dry matter production and photosynthesis in rapeseed. Crop production and improvement technology, No.34.
Aghdam, A.M., Sayfzadeh, S., Rad, A.S., Valadabadi, S.A., & Zakerin, H.R. (2019). The assessment of water stress and delay cropping on quantitative and qualitative traits of rapeseed genotypes. Industrial Crops and Products, 131, 160-165.
Amin, M., Ahmad, R., Ali, A., Hussain, I., Mahmood, R., Aslam, M., & Lee, D.J. (2018). Influence of silicon fertilization on maize performance under limited water supply. Silicon, 10(2), 177-183.
Amiri, A., Ghanbari, A., Tavasoli, A., Rastgari poor, F., & Roshani, Sh. (2012). Evaluation of quantitative and qualitative traits of rapeseed cultivars under moisture stress conditions and identification of the best cultivar based on resistance indicators. Crop Physiology, 4(15), 17-28. (In Persian).
Aranjuelo, I., Molero, G., Erice, G., Christophe Avice, J., & Nogues, S. (2011). Plant physiology and proteomics reveals the leaf response to drought in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Experimental Botany, 62, 111-123.
Arnon, D. I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts, polyphenoxidase in beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology, 24, 1-15.
Artyszak, A., & Kucinska, K. (2016). Silicon nutrition and crop improvement: Recent advances and future perspective. In Silicon in Plants; Tripathi, D.K., Singh, V.P., Ahmad, P., Chauhan, D.K., Prasad, S.M., Eds.; CRC Press: London, UK; New York, NY, USA; 297-319.
Ashraf, M.F.M.R. and Foolad, M.R. (2007). Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 59(2), 206-216.
Bahador, M., & Tadayon, M. R.  (2020). Investigating of zeolite role in modifying the effect of drought stress in hemp: Antioxidant enzymes and oil content. Industrial Crops and Products, 144, 112042.
Bai, J., Liu, J., Zhang, N., Sa, R., & Jiang, L. (2013). Effect of salt stress on antioxidant enzymes, soluble sugar and yield of oat. Food Science and Technology, 5(3), 303-309.
Bakhat, H.F., Hanstein, S., & Schubert, S. (2009). Optimal level of silicon for maize (Zea mays L. c.v. Amadeo) growth in nutrient solution under controlled conditions. The Proceedings of the International Plant Nutrition Colloquium XVI, Davis, USA.
Bates, L. S.‚ Waldren, R.P., & Teare, L. D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39, 205-207.
Boroujerdnia, M., Bihamta, M., Alami Said, K., & Abdossi, V. (2016). Effect of drought tension on proline content, soluble carbohydrates, electrolytes leakage and relative water content of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Crop Physiology, 8(29), 23-41. (In Persian).
Cao, B., Ma, Q., Zhao, Q., Wang, L., & Xu, K. (2015). Effects of silicon on absorbed light allocation, antioxidant enzymes and ultrastructure of chloroplasts in tomato leaves under simulated drought stress. Scientia Horticulture, 194, 53-62.
Chavoushi, M., Najafi, F., Salimi, A., & Angaji, S.A. (2019). Improvement in drought stress tolerance of safflower during vegetative growth by exogenous application of salicylic acid and sodium nitroprusside. Industrial crops and products, 134, 168-176.
Dubois, M., Gilles, K.A., Hamilton J.K., Rebers P.T., & Smith, F. (1965). Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical chemistry, 28(3), 350-356.
Ebrahimiyan, M., Majidi, M. M., Mirlohi, A., & Noroozi, A. (2012). Physiological traits related to drought tolerance in tall fescue. Euphytica, 190, 401-414.
Emam, M. M., Khattab, H. E., Helal, N. M., & Deraz, A. E. (2014). Effect of selenium and silicon on yield quality of rice plant grown under drought stress. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 8, 596.
Epstein, E. (2001). Silicon in plants: facts vs. concepts In: Datnoff LE, Snyder GH, Korndöfer GH, editors. Silicon in agriculture. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1-16.
Esmaeili Monazah, A. Omidi, H., & Bostani, A. (2012). Effects of drought stress on yield, proline, photosynthetic pigments, leaf relative water several genotypes. Water Research in Agriculture, 26 (2), 187-196. (In Persian).
Etesamia, H., & Jeong, B.R. (2018). Silicon (Si): review and future prospects on the action mechanisms in alleviating biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 147, 881-896.
FAOSTAT (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistical Database). (2019). FAOSTAT Production Statistics of Crops.
Gao, X., Zou, CH., Wang, L., & Zhang, F. (2004). Silicon improves water use efficiency in maize plants. Plant Nutrition, 27, 1457-1470.
Ghorbanli, M., Gafarabad, M., Amirkian, T., & Allahverdi Mamaghani, B. (2013). Investigation of proline, total protein, chlorophyll, ascorbate and dehydro ascorbate changes under drought stress in Akria and Mobil tomato cultivars. Plant Physiology, 3(2), 651-658. (In Persian).
Gong, H., Chen, K., Zhao, Z., Chen, G., & Zhou, W. (2008). Effects of silicon on defense of wheat against oxidative stress under drought at different developmental stages. Biologia Plantarum, 52(3), 592-596.
Gong, H., Chen, K., Chen, G., Wang, S., & Zhang, C. (2003). Effects of silicon on growth of wheat under drought. Plant Nutrition, 26, 1055-1063.
Gugała, M., Sikorska, A., Zarzecka, K., Kapela, K., & Mystkowska, I. (2017). The effect of sowing method and biostimulators on autumn development and overwintering of winter rape. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Agricultura, 16, 111-120.
Hasanuzzaman, M., Nahar, K., Anee, T. I., Khan, M. I. R., & Fujita, M. (2018). Silicon-mediated regulation of antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems confers drought stress tolerance in Brassica napus L. South African Journal of Botany, 115, 50-57.
Heidari, N., Pouryousef, M., & Tavakoli, A. (2015). Effects of drought stress on photosynthesis, its parameters and relative water content of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.). Plant Research, 27(5), 829-839. (In Persian).
Iqbal, M., Akhtar, N., Zafar, S., & Ali, I. (2008). Genotypic responses for yield and seed oil quality of two Brassica species under semi-arid environmental conditions. South African Journal of Botany, 74, 567-571.
Khorasaninejad, S., & Hemmati, K. (2020). Effects of silicon on some phytochemical traits of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L.) under salinity. Scientia Horticulturae, 108954.
Kim, R. J., Kim, H. U., & Suh, M. C. (2019). Development of camelina enhanced with drought stress resistance and seed oil production by co-overexpression of MYB96A and DGAT1C. Industrial Crops and Products, 138, 111475.
Kim, Y. H., Khan, A. L., Shinwari, Z.K., Kim, D.H., Waqas, M., & Lee, I. J. (2012). Silicon treatment to rice (Oryza sativa L. cv ‘gopumbyeo’) plants during different growth periods and its effects on growth and grain yield. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 44, 891-897.
Kirkegaard, J.A., Sprague, S.J., Dove, H., Kelman, W.M., Marcroft, S.J., Lieschke, A., Howe, G. N., & Graham, J.M. (2008). Dual-purpose canola-A new opportunity in mixed farming systems. Journal Australian of Agriculture Research, 59, 291-302.
Lee, S., Sohn, E., Hamayun, M., Yoon, J., & Lee, I. (2010). Effect of silicon on growth and salinity stress of soybean plant grown under hydroponic system. Agroforestry Systems, 80, 333-340.
Ma, D., Sun, D., Wang, C., Qin, H., Ding, H., Li, Y., & et al. (2016). Silicon application alleviates drought stress in wheat through transcriptional regulation of multiple antioxidant defense pathways. Plant Growth Regulation, 35, 1-10.
Mirzaee, M., Moieni, A., & Ghanati, F. (2012). Effect of drought stress on proline and soluble sugar content in canola (Brassica napus L.) seedlings. Biology, 26(1), 90-98. (In Persian).
Moradi Aghdam, A., Seyfzadeh, S., Shirani Rad, A. H., Valadabadi, S. A., & Zakerin, H. (2018). Effect of irrigation cut on physiological characteristics and seed yield of canola cultivars under different sowing dates. Crop Physiology, 10(38), 59-76. (In Persian).
Moradshahi, A., Salehi Eskandari, B. And Kholdebarin, B. (2004). Some physiological responses of canola (Brassica napus L.) to water defficit stress under laboratory conditions. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, 28, 43-50.
Naghavi, M.R., Khalili, M., & Abourghadareh, A.P. (2015). Effect of water deficit stress on yield and yield components of canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars. Agronomy and Agricultural Research, 7, 1-8
Nasiri, A., Samdaliri, M., Rad, A.S., Shahsavari, N., Kale, A.M., & Jabbari, H. (2017). Effect of plant density on yield and physiological characteristics of six canola cultivars. Scientific Agriculture, 249-253.
Neethirajan, S., Gordon, R., & Wang, L. (2009). Potential of silica bodies (phytoliths) for nanotechnology. Trends in Biotechnology, 27(8), 461-467.
Norton, G., Bilsborrow, P.E., & Shipway, P.A. (1991). Comparative physiology of divergent types of winter rapeseed. Organizing Committee, Saskatoon, 578-582.
Olle, M. (2014). The effect of Silicon on the organically grown cucumber transplants growth and quality. Proceedings of 16th World Fertilizer Congress of CIEC. Rio de Janeiro: CIEC, 90-92.
Ouzounidou, G., Giannakoula, A., Ilias, I., & Zamanidis, P. (2016). Alleviation of drought and salinity stresses on growth, physiology, biochemistry and quality of two Cucumis sativus L. cultivars by Si application. Brazilian Journal of Botany, 39, 531-539.
Pang, Z., Tayyab, M., Islam, W., Tarin, M.W.K., Sarfaraz, R., Naveed, H., Zaman, S., Zhang, B., Yuan, Z., & Zhang, H. (2019). Silicon-Mediated Improvement in Tolerance of Economically Important Crops under Drought Stress. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 17(3), 6151-6170.
Parida, A.K., Dagaonkar, V.S., Phalak M.S., & Aurangabadkar, L.P. (2008). Differential response of the enzymes involved in proline biosynthesis and degradation in drought tolerant and sensitive cotton genotypes during drought stress and recovery. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 30, 619-627.
Payandeh, Kh., Mojdam, M., & Derogar, N. (2018). Application of micronutrient elements on quantitative and qualitative yield of rapeseed under drought tension conditions. Crop Physiology, 10(38), 23-37. (In Persian).
Pirdashti, H., Tahmasebi Sarvestani Z., & Bahmanyar, M.A. (2009). Comparison of physiological response among four contrast rice cultivars under drought stress conditions. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 49, 52-53.
Pulz, A.L., Crusciol, C.A.C., Lemos, L.B., & Soratto, R. P. (2008). Silicate and limestone effects on potato nutrition, yield and quality under drought stress. Rev Bras Ciênc Solo, 32, 1651-1659.
Rodriguez, D. J. D., Phillips, B. S., Rodriguez- Garcia, R., & Angula- Sanchez, J. L. (2002). Grain yield and fatty acid composition of sunflower seed for cultivars developed under dry land conditions. In: Trends in new crops and new use. Janick, J. and Whipkey. A (eds.). ASHS Press, Alexanderia, VA. 142-139.
Sattar, A., Cheema, M. A., Abbas, T., Sher, A., Ijaz, M., Wahid, M. A., & et al. (2017). Physiological response of late sown wheat to exogenous application of silicon. Cereal Research Communications, 45, 202-213.
Shen, X., Zhou, Y., Duan, L., Li, Z., Eneji, A. E., & Li, J. (2010). Silicon effects on photosynthesis and antioxidant parameters of soybean seedlings under drought and ultraviolet -B radiation. Plant Physiology, 167, 1248-1252.
Zarrinabadi, I.G., Razmjoo, J., Mashhadi, A.A., & Boroomand, A. (2019). Physiological response and productivity of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis) genotypes under water deficit. Industrial Crops and Products, 139, 111488.