Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 M.Sc. Student, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.

Abstract

In order to investigate the effects Azoto of irrigation cutting and chemical and biological fertilizers, Azoto Barvar 1 and phosphate Barvar 2 on grain yield, essential oil and biochemical properties cumin, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the University of Zabol Research Farm during 2016. Main plots included four levels of irrigation cutting; conventional irrigation, irrigation cutting in between stem elongation to flowering, irrigation cutting in between flowering to beginning of the grain filling period and irrigation cutting in between beginning to end of grain filling period. The subplot was the different type of phosphorous fertilizer including control (no fertilizer application), Azoto Barvar 1 and Phosphate Barvar 2 and triple superphosphate. Results indicated that the interaction of irrigation cutting and phosphorous fertilizer was significant on seed yield, oil percentage, carbohydrates, proline, total protein, absorption of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. The greatest seed yield, oil percentage, total protein, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus obtained at conventional irrigation along with the application of Azoto Barvar 1, while the greatest proline was achieved at irrigation cutting between beginnings to the end of grain filling period along with the application of triple superphosphate. The greatest carbohydrate was observed at irrigation cutting between beginnings to the end of the grain filling period along with the application of Phosphate Barvar 2. In conclusion, results indicated positive effects of biofertilizers on the improvement of nutritional conditions of plants under irrigation cutting conditions

Keywords

Abo-Baker, A. A. & Mostafa, G. G. (2011). Effect of bio-and chemical fertilizers on growth, sepals yield and chemical  composition of Hibiscus sabdariffa at new reclaimed soil of south valley area. Asian Journal of Crop Science. 3, 16-25.
Akbari, P., Ghalavand, A. & Modarres Sanavi, S. A. M. (2010). The effect of application of different nutritional systems  (organic, chemical and consolidated) and biofertilizer on grain yield and other agronomic traits of sunflower. Journal of  Sustainable Agricultural Science. 1, 83-93. (in Persian)
Akmakc, C. I. R., Donmez, F., Aydin, A. & Ahin, F. S. (2006). Growth promotion of plants by plant growth promoting  rhizobacteria under greenhouse and two different field soil conditions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 38,1482-1487.
Alijani, M., Amini Dehghi, M., Melboubi, M. A., Zahedi, M. & Modarres Sanavi, A. M. (2011). Effect of different levels of phosphorus fertilizer in combination with biofertilizer on yield, essential oil, and camasolen percentage of German camomile.  Journal of Iranian Herbs and Medicinal Herbs. 3, 450-459. (in Persian)
Baghkhani, F. & Farahbakhsh, H. (2008). Effects of drought stress on yield and some physiological traits of three spring  safflower cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Research. Water, Soil and Plant in Agriculture. 8(2), 45-57. (in Persian)
Bannayan, M., Nadjafi, F. & Tabrizi, L. (2007). Yield and seed quality of Plantagoovata and Nigella sativa under different  irrigation treatments. Industrial Crops and Products. 83, 130-134.
Bates, S., Waldern, R. P. & Teare, E. D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39,  205-207.
Bouchereau, A., Clossais, B. N., Bensaoud, A., Beport, L. & Renard, M. (1996). Water stress effects on rapeseed quality.  European Journal of Agronomy. 5, 19-30.
Cao, D. Z., Liang-Gang, J., Xiao, Z. & Qian, Z. Y. (2010). Effects of biofertilizer on organically cultured cucumber growth and  soil biological characteristics. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology. 21(10), 2587-2592.
Darzi, M. T., Ghalavand, A. & Rejali, F. (2009). The effects of biofertilizers application on N, P, K assimilation and seed yield  in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), Iranian Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 27, 3075-3080.
Davazdah Emami, S. & Majnoon Hoseini, N. (2008). Farming and Production of Some Herbs and Spices. Second Edition.  University of Tehran Press. 1-14. (in Persian)
De-Mejia, E. G., Martinez-Resendiz, V., Castano-Tostado, E. & Loarca-Pina, G. (2003). Effect of drought on polyamine  metabolism, yield, protein content and in vitro protein digestibility in tepary (Phaseolus acutifolius) and common (Phaseolus  vulgaris) bean seeds. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 83, 1022-1030.
Fanaei, H. M., Azmal, A. & Piri, A. (2016). Effect of biological and chemical fertilizers on grain, oil and some agronomic traits  of safflower under different irrigation regimes. Journal of Agricultural Ecology. 8(4), 551-566. (in Persian)
Fatemy, F. & Evans, K. (1986). Effects of Globodera rostochiensis and water stress on shoot and root growth and nutrient  uptake of potatoes. Revue Nematology. 9(2), 181-184.
Ghobadi, R. (2010). Effect of different levels of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on yield, yield components and some  physiological traits of grain corn 704. Master thesis, Faculty of Agriculture Boroujerd University. (in Persian)
Grouses, C., Bournoville, R. & Bonnemain, J. L. (1996). Water deficit induced changes in concentrations in proline and some  other amino acids in the phloem sap of Alfalfa. Plant Physiology. 111(1), 109-113.
Heidari, M. H., Nadian, A. B., Bakhshandeh, Kh., Alami, S. & Fathi, Gh. (2007). Effect of different levels of salinity and  nitrogen on nutrient uptake and wheat osmotic regulators. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Technology. 40, 193-211.  (in Persian)
Ingram, J. & Bartels, D. (1996). The molecular basis of dehydration tolerance in plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and  Plant Molecular Biology. 47, 377-403.
Jones, H. (1980). Interaction and Integration of Adaptive Response to Water Stress. Royal Science Society of London, Series. 273: 193-205.
Kafi, M. & Mahdavi Damghani, A. (2000). Resistance Mechanisms of Plants to Environmental Stresses. Ferdowsi University of  Mashhad Press. Page 476. (in Persian)
Kishor, P. B. K., Sangama, S., Amrutha, R. N., Laxmi, P. S., Naidu, K. R. & Rao, K. S. (2005). Regulation of proline   biosynthesis degradation, uptake and transport in higher plants: its implications in plant growth and abiotic stress tolerance.  Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology. 88: 424-438.
Kramer, P. J. (1983). Water Relations of Plants. Academic Press. New York.
Lebaschi, M. & Sharifi Ashorabadi, A. (2004). Growth indices of some species of medicinal plants under different conditions of drought stress. Iranian Herbal Medicines and Herbs. 20(3), 249-261. (in Persian)
Malakouti, M. & Homaei, M. (2004). Fertility of Soils in Arid Regions. Problems and Solutions. Second Edition. Tarbiat  Modarres Publications, Tehran, 320 pages. (in Persian)
Maliki, N. M. & Balouchi, H. R. (2012). Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus chemical and biological fertilizers on yield and   yield components of sweet corn (Zea mays var. Saccharata). Journal of Plant Production. 19(4): 55-75.
Mazaheri Laghab, H. A., Nouri, F. & Zare, H. (2003). Effects of drought stress reduction with supplementary irrigation in  sunflower in rainfed conditions. Journal of Research and Development. 16(2), 81-86. (in Persian)
Mehrvarz, S., Chaichi, M. R. & Alikhani, H. A. (2008). Effect of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and phosphorus   chemical fertilizer on forage and grain quality of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and  Environmental Sciences. 3(6): 855-860.
Nandwal, A. S., Hooda, A. & Datta, D. (1998). Effect of substrate moisture and potassium on water relations and C, N and K  distribution in Vigna radiata. Biologia Plantarum. 41: 149-153.
Pal, K. K., Tilak, K. V., Saxena, A. K., Dey, R. & Singh, C. S. (2001). Suppression of maize root diseases caused by   Macrophomia phaseolina, Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium graminaerum by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria.  Microbiological Research. 156: 209-223.
Palmer, J. E., Dunphy, J. & Reese, P. (1995). Managing drought- stressed soybeans in the southeat. North Carolina cooperative  extension service as publication number AG-19-12.
Raei, Y., Shariati, J. & Veisani, V. (2015). Effect of biological fertilizers on oil percentage, yield and yield components of  safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in different levels of irrigation. Journal of Agricultural Knowledge and Sustainable  Production. 25(1), 65-84. (in Persian)
Raeipour, L. & Asgharzadeh, N. A. (2007). Interaction of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) on  growth, tuberculosis and absorption of some nutrients in soybeans. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 40(11), 53- 63. (in Persian)
Ramroudi, M., Chezgi, M. & Galavi, M. (2017). The effect of methanol spraying on quantitative characteristics and osmotic regulators (Dracocephlum moldavica L.) in Irrigated conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 48(1), 149-158. (in Persian)
Ranjkar, P. N., Tambekar, D. H. & Wate, S. R. (2007). Study of phosphate solubilization efficiencies of fungi and bacteria   isolated from saline belt of Purna River basin. Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science. 3, 701-703.
Ratti, N., Kumar, S., Verma, H. N. & Goutam, S. P. (2001). Improvement in bioavailability of tricalcium phosphate to  Cymbopogon martinii var. Motia by rhizobacteria, AMF and Azospirillum inoculation. Microbiological Research. 9, 145-156.
Rontein, D., Basse, T. G. & Hason, A. D. (2002). Metabolic engineering of osmoprotectant accumulation in plants. Metabolic   Engineering. 4(1), 49-56.
Salimpour, S., Khavazi, K., Nadian, H., Besharati, H. & Miransari, M. (2010). Enhancing phosphorous availability to canola   (Brassica napus L.) using P solubilizing and sulfur oxidizing bacteria. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 4(5), 330-334.
Schlegel, H. G. (1956). Die verwertung organischer sauren durch chlorella in lincht. Planta. 47, 510-515.
Schneider-Stock, R. & Fakhoury, I. H. (2014). Thymoquinone: fifty years of success in the battle against cancer models. Drug  Discovery Today. 19(1), 18-30.
Serraj, R. & Sinclair, T. R. (2002). Osmolyte accumulation: Can it really help increase crop yield under drought conditions?   Journal of Plant Cell Environment. 25, 333-341.
Shah Moradi, Sh. (2003). Effect of drought stress on quantitative and qualitative traits of soybean cultivars and advanced lines.  Master thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran. 112 pages. (in Persian)
Shakeri, A., Amini Dehghi, M., Tabatabaei, A. & Modarres Sanavi, A. M. (2012). Effect of chemical and biological fertilizers on yield, yield components, oil percentage and protein content of sesame cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. 22(1), 71-82. (in Persian)
Shalan, M. N. (2005). Influence of biofertilizers and chicken manure on growth, yield and seeds quality of Nigella sativa L.   plants. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research. 83, 811-828.
Sharma, K. D. & Kuhad, M. S. (2006). Influence of Potassium level and soil moisture regime on biochemical metabolites of   Brassica Species. Genetics and Genomics of the Brassicaceae. 8, 71-74.
Shehata, M. M. & EL-Khawas, S. A. (2003). Effect of two biofertilizers on growth parameters, yield characters, nitrogenous   components, nucleic acids content, minerals, oil content, protein profiles and DNA banding pattern of sunflower yield. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science. 6 (14), 1257-1268.
Taiz, L. & Zeiger, E. (2006). Plant Physiology, (4th Ed). Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass, 623p.
Thalooth, A. T., Tawfik, M. M. & Mohamed, H. M. (2006). A comparative study on the effect of foliar and magnesium on   growth, yield and some application of zinc, potassium chemical constituents of mungbean plants grown under water stress   conditions. World Journal Agriculture Science. 2(1), 37-46.
Vessey, J. K. (2003). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as bio-fertilizer. Plant and Soil. 255, 571-586.
Wensing, A. S. D., Braun, P., Buttner, D., Expert, B., Volksch, M. S., Ullrich, G. & Weingart, H. (2010). Impact of siderophore  production by Pseudomonas syringae pv. Syringae 22d/93 on epiphytic fitness and biocontrol activity against Pseudomonas syringae pv. Glycinea 1a/96. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 76(9), 2704-2711.
Wu, B., Cao, S. C., Li, Z. H., Cheung, Z. G. & Wong, K. C. (2005). Effects of biofertilizer containing N-fixer, P and K   solubilizers and AM fungi on maize growth. Geoderma. 125, 155-162.