Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 M.Sc. Student, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

Abstract

In order to study the effect of putrescine on the growth, yield and fruit quality of Sweet pepper (Capsicuum annum cv. Dimaz) under water stress, an experiment was conducted in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the research filed of university of Zanjan. Treatments consisted of three irrigation levels (50, 75 and 100% ETc) and putrescine were included four levels (0 (control), 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM). The results showed that water deficit stress reduced growth and fruit yield of sweet pepper. The highest growth, fruit number, yield and vitamin C content was obtained in irrigation 100%, ETc and TSS in 75% ETc. Foliar application of putrescine improved growth and fruit yield. The highest plant growth, plant height (67.00 cm), leaf area (5887.28 cm2), chlorophyll content (2.2 μg /g), plant dry weight (29.41 ETc), vitamin C (42.67 mg/100ml), fruit chlorophyll (0.18 μg /g), fruit length (16.56 cm), fruit number (268.00), fruit yield per plant (0.45 kg) and total yield per hectare (9.98 ton) was obtained with foliar spray of 1.5 mM putrescine under 100% ETc irrigation. According to the results, application of 1.5 mM putrescine can be proposed to improve growth and fruit yield of pepper under water deficit stress.

Keywords

جلیل مرندی ر (1389). فیزیولوژی تنش­های محیطی و مکانیسم­های مقاومت در گیاهان باغی. دوره دوجلدی. انتشارات جهاددانشگاهی ارومیه.1400 ص.
داس، وی و راما، اس (1388). فتوسنتز (تنظیم در رژیم های نوری مختلف). ترجمه راهداری، انتشارات نشر علم کشاورزی ایران. 239 ص.
دولت آبادیان آ، مدرس ثانوی س ع م و شریفی م (1388). اثر تنش کم آبی و محلول پاشی اسید آسکوربیک بر میزان فعالیت آنزیم­های آنتی­اکسیدان و برخی تغییرات بیوشیمیایی در برگ ذرت دانه ای .( Zea mays L.) مجله زیست شناسی ایران. 22: 422-407. 
شعبانی ع، کامگار ع، سپاس خواه ع ر، امام ی و هنر ت (1388). اثر تنش آبی بر ویژگیهای فیزیولوژیک گیاه کلزا. مجله علوم آب و خاک، 31: 42-49.
عیسی زاده س (1391). تاثیر سیتوکنین بر صفات فیزیولوژیک گلرنگ (Carthamus tinctorius L.) در شرایط تنش خشکی، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه زنجان. 159 ص.
کاشی ع (1372). اثر دور آبیاری و کاربرد ضایعات چای روی هندوانه چارلستون گری، مجله علوم کشاورزی. 5 (1): 24-30.
کافی م، برزویی ا، صالحی م، کمندی ع، معصومی ع و نباتی ج (1393) فیزیولوژی تنش­های محیطی در گیاهان. انتشارات جهاد دانشگاهی مشهد. 504 ص.
مستوفی، نجفی ف (1394). روش­های آزمایشگاهی تجزیه ای در علوم باغبانی.  انتشارات دانشگاه تهران. 136 ص.
نصرآبادی ح، نعمتی ح، سبحانی ع و آرویی ح (1391). اثرات دور آبیاری و خاکپوش بر برخی خصوصیات زراعی و عملکرد خربزه. به­زراعی کشاورزی. 14(1): 66-57.  
وزیری ژ، سلامت ع، انصاری م، مسچی م، حیدری ن ، دهقانی ‌سانیچ ح (1387). ( تبخیر-تعرق گیاهان (دستورالعمل محاسبه آب مورد نیاز گیاهان)، (ترجمه). انتشارات کمیته ملی آبیاری و زهکشی ایران، چاپ اول، تهران. 389 ص.
Alvino A, Centritto M and De Lorenzi F (1994) Photosynthesis response of sunlit and shade pepper (Capsicum annuum) leaves at different positions in the canopy under two water regimes. Australian JournalofPlant Physiology. 21: 377–391.
Amri E, Mirzaei M, Moradi M and Zare K (2011) The effects of spermidine and putrescine polyamines on growth of pomegranate (Punica granatum cv. ‘Rabbab’) in salinity circumstance. International Journal of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 3:43-49.
Ascher RG and Cumming JR (1991) Stress responses in plants: Adaptation and acclimation mechanisms. The Quarterly Review of Biology. 66: 343-344.
Bismillah khan M, Hussain N and Iqbal M (2001) Effect of water stress on growth and yield components of maize variety YHS 202. Journal of Agricultural Reseach, 12: 15-18.
Blum A (1996) Crop responses to drought and the interpretation of adaptation. Plant Growth Regulation. 20(2): 135-148.
Bosland P. W and Votava E. J (2000) Pepper vegetable and spice capsicums. CABI Publishing, New York. 248p.
Couée I, Hummel I, Sulman C, Gouesbet G and El-Amrani A (2004) Involvement of polyamines in root development. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 76: 1–10.
Das C, Sengupta T, Chattopadhyay S, Setua M and Das N (2002) Involvement of kinetin and spermidine in controlling salinity stress in mulberry (Morus alba L. cv. S1). Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 24: 53–57.
El-Bassiouny HM, Mostafa HA, El-Khawas SA, Hassanein RA, Khalil SI and Abd El- Monem AA (2008) Physiological responses of wheat plant to foliar treatments with arginine or putrescine. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 2: 1390–1403.
Farooq M, Wahid A and Lee DJ (2009) Exogenously applied polyamines increase drought tolerance of rice by improving leaf water status, photosynthesis and membrane properties. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 31(5): 937-945.
FAO (2012) FAOSTAT http://www.fao. org/ faostat/en/#data
Gupta S and Gupta NK (2011) Field efficacy of exogenously applied putrescine in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under water-stress conditions. The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences.81(6):231-265.
Gupta S, Sharma M L, Gupta NK and Kumar A (2003) Productivity enhancement by putrescine in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants. 9: 279-282.
He L, Nada K and Tachibana S (2002) Effects of spermidine pretreatment throughthe roots on growth and photosynthesis of chilled cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.). Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science. 71: 490–498.
Hussein M,  EL-Gereadly HM and EL-Desuki M (2006) Role of putrescine in resistance to salinity of pea plants (Pisum sativum L.). Applied Science Research. 2: 598-604.
Inze D, and Montagu M. V (1995) Oxidative stress in plants. Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 6: 153-158.
Jaimez RE, Vielma O, Rada F and Garcia-Nunez C (2000) Effects of water deficit on the dynamics of flowering and fruit production in Capsicum chinense Jacq in a tropical semiarid region of Venezuela. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 185: 113–119.
Kakkar RK and Sawhney VK (2002) Polyamine research in plants–a changing perspective. Physiologia Plantarum, 116(3): 281-292.
Kamiab F, Talaie A. R, Khezri M and Javanshah A (2013) Exogenous application of free polyamines enhance salt tolerance of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) seedlings. Plant Growth Regulation. 72: 257-268.
Katterji N, Mastrorili M, and Hamdy A (1993) Effect of Stress at Different Growth Stage on Pepper Yield. Acta Horticulturae. 335:165-171.
Keller J, and Bliesner D (1990) Sprinkler and trickle irrigation. Avi Book, Co. Ltd, New York, USA.652p.
Lester GE, Oebker NF and Coons J (1994) Preharvest furrow and drip irrigation schedule effects on postharvest muskmelon quality. Postharvest Biological and Technological. 4: 57–63.
Lotfi N, Vahdati K, Kholdebarin B and Najafian Ashrafi E (2010) Germination, mineral composition and ion uptake in walnut under salinity conditions. HortScience. 44(5): 1352-1357.
Martin-Tanguy J (2001) Metabolism and function of polyamines in plants: recent development (new approaches). Plant Growth Regulation. 34: 135-148.
Mitra J (2001) Genetics and genetic improvement of drought resistance in crop plants. Current Science, 80: 758-763.
Nassar A H, El-Tarabily KA and Sivasithamparam K (2003) Growth promotion of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by a polyamine-producing isolate of Streptomyces griseoluteus Plant Growth Regulation. 40: 97–106.
Nayyar H, Satwinder KAUR, Kumar S, Singh KJ and Dhir K (2005) Involvement of polyamines in the contrasting sensitivity of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill.) to water deficit stress. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica. 46: 333-338.
Nilsen E T and Orcutt D M (1996) The physiology of plants under stress (Abiotic factors). Jon Wily and Sons, New York. 689 p.
Noohpishe Z and Kalantari Kh. M (2011) The interaction effects of spermidine application and salinity stress in pepper plants. Iranian Journal of Biology. 24(6): 848-857.
Pew W. D and Gardner B R (1983) Effects of irrigation practices on vine growth, yield and quality of muskmelons. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Sciences. 108: 134-137.
Rothe G A, Hachiya Y, Yamada T, Hashimoto and B. Drager (2003) Alkaloides in plants and root cultures of  Atropa belladonna over expressing putrescine N- methyltransferase. Experimental Botany. 54:2065-2070.
Shao H. B, Chu L. Y, Jaleel C. A and Zhao C. X (2008) Water-deficit stress induced anatomical changes in higher plants. Comptes Rendus Biologies. 331: 215-225.
Simsek M, Tonkaz T, Kacıra M, Comlekcioglu N and Dogan Z (2005) The Effects of Different Irrigation Regimes on Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Yield and Yield Characteristics Under Open Field Conditions. Agricultural Water Management. 73: 173-191.
Sofo A, Tuzio A. C, Dichio B and Xiloyannis C (2005) Influence of water deficit and rewatering on the components of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in four interspecific Prunus hybrids. Plant Science 169: 403-412.
Xie Z, Jiag D, Dai T, Jing Q and Cao W (2004) Effects of exogenous ABA and cytokinin on leaf photosynthesis and grain protein accumulation in wheat ears cultured in vitro. Plant Growth Regulation. 44: 25-32.
Yordanov V and Tsoev T (2000) Plant response to drought, acclimation and stress tolerance.Photosynthetica. 38(1): 171-186.
Zhang K and John PCL (2005) Raised level of cyclin dependent kinase after prolonged suspension culture of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia is associated with more rapid growth and division, diminished cytoskeleton and lost capacity for regeneration: implications for instability of cultured plant cells. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture. 82: 295-308.
Zonouri M, Javadi T and Ghaderi N (2014) Effect of Foliar Spraying of Ascorbic Acid on Cell Membrane Stability, Lipid Peroxidation, Total Soluble Protein, Ascorbate Peroxidase and Leaf Ascorbic Acid Under Drought Stress in Grapes. International journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research, 2: 349-354.