Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Associated Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.

2 Former M.Sc. Student, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Genetic Resource, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center West Azarbayjan in Urmia, Urmia, Iran.

4 . Associate Professor, Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.

Abstract

To evaluate the effect of gamma rays on the seeds and amounts of nitrogen on growth and yield of chamomile (Chamomilla recutita synonym Matricaria chamomilla), a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Farm of Agriculture College of Shahid-Beheshti.-Urmia in 2010. Treatments were gamma rays from cobalt-60 on chamomile seeds cv. ‘Bodegold’ (zero, four, eight, 12, 16, and 20 Gray) and different levels of nitrogen (zero, 50, 100, and 150 kg/ha, urea after appearance of the 4th leaf). The highest leaf dry weight per plant (12.5 g) and per hectare (4194 kg/ha), stem dry weight per plant (49 g) and biomass (19995 kg/ha) were obtained at 8 gray and 100, 100, 150, and 150 kg/ha of nitrogen. The highest dried flower yield at the second harvest (104 kg/ha) were obtained from 20 gray by 100 kg/ha nitrogen, and the yield of the third harvest (122 kg/ha) was from 20 gray of gamma irradiation. While, the highest flower yield at the first harvest (419 kg/ha) and total yield (533 kg/ha) were produced from 0 gray and 150 kg/ha nitrogen. Essential oil percent did not affected by treatments, but despite the significant interaction effect of gamma irradiation and nitrogen on the yield of essential oil, means comparison showed no significant differences among treatments. Yield of dried flower in the first harvest, had the greatest impact on the harvest index.    

Keywords

1 . امیدبیگی ر (1385) تولید و فرآوری گیاهان دارویی. جلد سوم. چاپ چهارم. انتشارات آستان قدس رضوی، مشهد. 397 ص.
2 . امیدبیگی ر و حسنی ملایری س (1386) بررسی تأثیر نیتروژن و تراکم کاشت بر باروری گیاه دارویی بابونۀ گاوچشم رقم زردبند. علوم کشاورزی. 38(2): 309-303.
3 . قلی­پوری ع، جوانشیر ع، رحیم زادۀ خویی ف، محمدی س ا و بیات ه (1385) تأثیر کود نیتروژن و هرس ساقه بر روی عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد کدوی تخم­کاغذی (Cucurbita pepo L.). علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی. 13 (ویژه­نامه زراعت و اصلاح­ نباتات): 41-32.
4 . مومن‌زاده ی، تاج­بخش م و پیرزاد ع (1389) بررسی پیش­تیمار دزهای مختلف اشعة گاما بر جوانه‌زنی بذر ذرت سینگل کراس (704). چهارمین همایش منطقه‌ای یافته‌های پژوهشی کشاورزی (غرب ایران)، 22 و 23 اردیبهشت 1389، دانشگاه کردستان: 1044-1041.  
5 . Abou–Defi MH, Abdel-Hady MS and Mahmoud IM (2001) Detection of gamma rays effect in maize by biochemical genetic analyses. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (Egypt). 26: 237-246.
6 . Adesunloye BA (2003) Acute renal failure due to the herbal remedies CKLS. American Journal of Medicine. 115: 506-507.
7 . Belanger G, Walsh JR, Richards JE, Milburn PH and Ziadi N (2000) Comparison of three statistical models describing potato yield response to nitrogen fertilizer. Agronomy Journal. 92: 902-908.
8 . Bernath J (2000) Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Mezo Publication, Budapest, 667 p.
9 . Bullock J­ (1999) Proposal for gaining information on producing Tanacetum parthenium (feverfew) as high dollar perennial crop. North Carolina State University Publication, 10 p.
 10 . Ciftci CY, Divanli Turkan A, Khawar KM, Atak M and Ozcan S (2006) Use of gamma rays to induce mutations in four pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars. Turkish Journal of Biology. 30: 29-37. 
11 . Deaf NSD (2000) Chemical and biological studies on some wild plants. Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt, MSc. Dissertation.
12 . Dewikat IM and Kostewicz SR (1989) Row arrangement, plants spacing, and nitrogen rate effects on Zucchini squash yield. Horticultural Science. 24: 86-88.
13 . Dufault RJ, Rushing J, Hassal R, Shepard BM, Mc Cutcheon G and Ward B (2003) Influence of fertilizer on growth and marker compound of field-grown Echinacea species and feverfew. Scientia Horticulturae. 98: 61-69.
114 . Ebert K (1982) Arznei-und Gewürzpflanzen. Ein Leitfaden für Anbau und Sammlung.2nd Ed., Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, Germany, 221 p.
15 . El-Saedy Mohamed AM, Ibrahim KAI, Ahmed AMI and Nawar AI (2006) The effect of gamma irradiation of sunflower seeds on the growth and susceptibility of sunflower to Meloidogyne incognita. Communication in Science and Development Research. 49:183-194.
16 . Franke R and Schilcher H (2005) Chamomile Industrial Profiles. CRC Press. V. 42. 274 p.
17 . Hernandez M (2000) Nitrate: Toxic Agent List. Cu Toxic Plant Pages, 320 p.
18 . Khan BM (1970) Effect of gamma rays irradiation on yield and the incidence of blight disease of gram. Agricultural Journal of Pakistan. 21: 43-46.
19 . Khan MR (1999) Modulation of radiosensitivity with gibberellic acid for cytogenetical biochemical and genetic spectrum in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Department of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Pakistan, Ph.D. Dissertation.
20 . Mahmoud FAN (2002) Effect of gamma radiation and some agrochemicals on germination, growth and flowering of Delphinium ajacis and Mathiola incana plants. Faculty of Agriculture, Moshtohor, Zagazig University, Egypt, M.Sc. Dissertation.
21 . Mann C and Staba EJ (1986) The chemistry, pharmacology and commercial formulation of chamomile. Journal of Herb, Spice and Medicinal Plants. 1: 236-280.
22 . Marguerite O, Jean-Pierre G and Jean-François L (2006) Threshold value for chlorophyll meter as decision tool for nitrogen management of potato. Agronomy Journal. 98: 496-506.
23 . Mathur A (1990) Mutation studies in buckwheat (Fagopyron). III. Effect of gamma rays on growth parameters and yield attributes. Cytogenetic Laboratory, Department of Botany, D.A.V. College, Kanpur – 208001, India. 11: 27-34.
24 . Metwally IOE, Leilah AA and Abd-El-All AM (1998) Effect of relay cropping pattern of cotton with wheat and nofatrin foliar nutrition on growth and yield of both crops. Journal of Agricultural Science Mansoura University. 23(9): 3583-3590.
25 . Mollah MZI, Khan AM and Khan R (2008) Effect of gamma irradiated sodium alginate on red amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) as growth promoter. Radiation and Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission.
26 . Motl O and Repcak M (1979) New components from chamomile essential oil. Planta Medica. 36: 272-273.
27 . Nassar Abla H, Hashim MF, Hassan NS and Abo-Zaid H (2004) Effect of gamma irradiation and phosphorus on growth and oil production of chamomile (Chamomilla recutita L. Rauschert). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 6(5): 776-780.
28 . Pirzad A, Alyari H, Shakiba MR, Zehtab-Salmasi S and Mohammadi A (2006) Essential oil content and composition of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) at different irrigation regimes. Journal of Agronomy. 5(3): 451-455.
29 . Pirzad A, Shakiba MR, Zehtab-Salmasi S, Mohammadi SA, Seyed Sharifi R and Hassani A (2011) Effects of Irrigation regime and plant density on essential oil composition of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla). Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants. 17: 107-118.
30 . Rajput MA (1974) Increased variability in the M2 of gamma–irradiated mung beans (Phaseolus aureus ROXB.). Radiation Botany. 14(2): 85-89.
31 . Rashed MA, Abou Deif MH, Abdel-Hady MS, Atta AH and Fahmy KH (2000) Effect of gamma irradiation on maize embryo culture regenerated plants. Annals of Agricultural Science. 2: 765-779.
32 . Schilcher H (1987) Die Kamille-Handbuch für Arzte, Apotheker und andere Naturwissenschaftler. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, Germany, 152 p.
33 . Selenia LV and Stepanenko OG (1979) Effect of pre–sowing gamma irradiation on the productivity and active principle content of Matricaria recutita. Rastitel’nye Ressusy. 15: 143–54.
34 . Singh B and Datta PS (2009) Gamma irradiation to improve plant vigoure, grain development, and yield attributes of wheat. Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 79(2): 139-143.
35 . Subhan F, Anwar M, Ahmad N, Gulzar G, Siddiq AM, Rahman S, Ahmad I and Rauf A (2004) Effect of gamma radiation on growth and yield of barley under different nitrogen levels. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 7(6): 981-983.
36 . Waddell JT, Gupta SC, Moncrief JF, Rosen CJ and Steele DD (1999) Irrigation and nitrogen management effects on potato yield, tuber quality, and nitrogen uptake. Agronomy. 91: 991-997.
37 . Youssef AA and Moussa AZ (1998) Effect of gamma rays on growth and essential oil composition of chamomile (Chamomilla recutita L.). Arab. University Journal of Agricultural Science. 6: 301-11.
38 . Zheljazkov V, Margine A, Stovea T and Shetty K (1996) Effect of gamma irradiation on some quantitative characteristics in mint and cornmint. Acta Horticulturae. 426: 381-388.