Authors

Abstract

In order to investigate distribution status of heavy metals in cropping systems of water logging and dry farming, an experiment was conducted as split-plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications in research field of Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University. A paddy-soil considered for water logging system and the planted field with vegetables considered for dry farming system. Main plot (fertilizer treatments added to soil) included five treatments: 20 and 40 ton.ha-1 compost, 20 and 40 ton.ha-1 sewage sludge and control. Also, sub factor (application years) consisted three treatments comprised: one, two and three years fertilization. The results showed that in water logging system sewage sludge treatments had more influence on heavy metals accumulation in soil while, compost treatments had more influence than sewage sludge treatments in dry farming system. Also, in paddy soil the enhancement percent of available form compared to control treatment was much more than dry farming system.

Keywords

1 . رضایی­نژاد ی. و افیونی م (1379) اثر مواد آلی بر خواص شیمیایی خاک، جذب عناصر به وسیله ذرت و عملکرد آن. علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی. 4: 29-19.
2 . ملکوتی م. ج. و همایی م (1373) حاصلخیزی خاک­های مناطق خشک مشکلات و راه­حل­ها. انتشارات دانشگاه تربیت مدرس. 494 ص.
 
3 . Adamu CA, Beu PF, Mulchi C and Channey R (1989) Residual metal concectrations in tobacco adecade following farmland application of municipal sludge. Environmental Pollution. 56: 113-126.
4 . Afyouni M (1987) Extractability of Fe, Zn and Cd in sludge amended calcareous soils. M.Sc. Thesis. New Mexico Stateniv., Las craces, N.M. 
 5 . Al-Najar H, Schulz R, Breuer J and Roemheld V (2005) Effect of cropping systems on the mobility and uptake of Cd and Zn. Environmental Chemistry Letters. 3: 13-17.
6 . Baker DE and Amacher MC (1982) Nickel, copper, zinc and cadmium in Methods of soil analysis. American Society of Agronomy. Madison, Wisconsin. Pp. 323-336.
7 . Gasco G, Logo MC and Guerrero F (2005) Landapplication of sewage sl udge: A soil column study. Madrid. Spain.
8 . Heilenze S (1970) Investigations in to the lead
content of plants on sites with heavey traffic. Landwirtschaftliche Forschung,25/I. Sondreh. Pp. 73-78.
9 . Jamali MK, Tasneem GK, Arain MB and Afridi HI (2009) Heavy metal accumulation in different varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in soil amended with domestic sewage sludge. Hazardous Materials. 164:1386-1391.
10 . Jordao CP, Nascentes CC, Cecon PR, Fontes RL and Pereira JL (2006) Heavy metals availability in soil ameneded with composted urban solid wastes. Environmental Monitoring. 112: 309-326.
11 . Kabata-Pendias A and Pendies H (1984) Trace elements in soils and plants 3ed, Boca Raton CRC.
315 p.
12 . Karaca A (2004) Effect or organic wastes on the extractability of cadmium, copper, nickel and zinc in soil. Geoderma. 122: 297-303.
13 . Lepp NW, ed. (1989) Effect of Heavy Metals on Plants, Applied Science Publishers, New Jersey. Quality of heavy metals function. 31: 175-187.
14 . Lindsay WL and Norvell WA (1978) Development of a DTPA test for Zinc, Iron, manganese and copper. American Journal of Soil Science Society. 42: 421-428.
15 . Liu YY, Imai T, Ukita M, Sekine M and Higuchi T (2003) Distribution of iron, manganese, copper and zinc in various composts and amended soils. Environmental Technology. 24: 1517-725.
16 . Lovisa S and Stig L (2006) Effects of sewage sludge on pH and plant availability of metals in oxidising sulphide mine tailings. Science of the Total Environment. 358: 21-35.
17 . Madrid F, Lopez R and Cabrera F (2007) Metal accumulation in soil after application of municipal solid waste compost under intensive farming conditions. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 199: 249-256.
18 . Mohammad MJ and Athamneh BM (2004) Changes in soil fertility and plant uptake of nutrients and heavy metals in response to sewage sludge application to calcareous soils. Agronomy. 3(3): 229-236.
19 . Mousavi SM, Bahmanyar MA and Pirdashti HA (2010) Lead and cadmium availability and uptake by rice plant in response to different biosolids and inorganic fertilizers. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences. 5(1): 25-31.
20 . Mousavi SM, Bahmanyar MA and Pirdashti HA (2011) Phytoextraction of nickel and chrome in paddy soil amended with municipal solid waste and sewage sludge. Environmental Science and Engineering. 5: 660-666.
21 . Nelson RE (1986) Carbonate and gypsum. In Methods of Soil Analysis, eds. Page A.L., Miller R.H., and Keeney D.R., 181-198. American Society of Agronomy: Madison, Wisconsin.
22 . Rahaman AKMM, Alam MS, Mian MJA and Haque ME (2007) Effect of different fertilizers on concentration and uptake of cadmium by rice plant. Agricultural Research. 45(2): 129-134. 
 23 . Sharma K, Agrawal M and Marshall FM (2007) Heavy metals contamination of soil and in vegetables suburban areas of Varanasi, India. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Pp. 258-266.
24 . Shuman LM, Dudka S and Das K (2001) Zinc formes and plant availability in a compost amended soil. Water, Air and Soil Pollution. 128: 1-11.
 25 . Singh RP and Agrawal M (2010) Variations in heavy metal accumulation, growth and yield of rice plants grown at different sewage sludge amendment rates. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 73: 632-641.
 26 . Smith SR (2009) A critical review of the bioavailability and impacts of heavy metals in municipal solid waste composts compared to sewage sludge. Environment International. 35(1): 142-156.
27 . Tejada N and Gurdener AL (2011) Influence of land application of municipal solid waste compost on heavy metals distribution and soil biological properties and rice yield. European Journal of Agronomy. 45: 53-69.
28 . Vaca-Paulin R, Esteller-Alberich MV, Lugo-dela Fuente J and Zavaleta-Mancera HA (2006) Effect of sewage sludge or compost on the sorption and distribution of copper and cadmium in soil. Waste Management. 26: 71-81.
 29 . Walid BA, Gabteni N, Lakhdar A, Du Laing G, Verloo M, Jedidi N and Gallali T (2009) Effects of
5-year application of municipal solid waste compost on the distribution and mobility of heavy metals in a Tunisian calcareous soil. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 130: 156-163.
30 . Walke DJ, Clemente R and Bernal P (2004) Contrasting effects of manure and municipal solid waste on soil pH, heavy metals availability and growth of chemopodium album in a soil contaminated by pyritic mine waste. Chemosphere. 57: 215-224.
31 . Walkley A and Black LA (1934) An examination of the degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science. 37: 29-38.
32 . Wang X, Chen T, Ge Y and Jia Y (2008) Studies on land application of sewage sludge and its limiting factors. Hazardous Materials. 160: 554-558.
33 . Warman PR, Rodd AV and Hicklenton P (2010) The effect of MSW compost and fertilizer on extractable soil elements and the growth of winter squash in Nova Scotia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 133: 98-102.
34 . Weber J, Karczewska A, Drozd J, Licznar M, Licznar S, Jamroz E and Kocowicz A (2007) Agricultural and ecological aspects of a sandy soil as affected by the application of municipal solidwaste composts. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 39: 1294-1302.