Leyla Hoseinzadeh; Alireza Salami; Mohsen Ebrahimi; Ali Izady
Abstract
Objective: Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a perennial, sterile, and triploid plant. Moreover, dried saffron stigmas have many uses in the food and medicine industry. Saffron plants propagate by corms due to sterility. Therefore, it has limited diversity and a poor plant breeding background, leading to ...
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Objective: Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a perennial, sterile, and triploid plant. Moreover, dried saffron stigmas have many uses in the food and medicine industry. Saffron plants propagate by corms due to sterility. Therefore, it has limited diversity and a poor plant breeding background, leading to genetic erosion. As a result, being under severe risk of genetic erosion is an obstacle to the breeding and production of saffron. The objective of this study was to investigate the diversity among saffron ecotypes, to evaluate the correlation between morphological traits and the amounts of secondary metabolites, and to classify the ecotypes.
Methods: A complete randomized block design with two replications in three harvests has been conducted to investigate the biological diversity of 22 saffron accessions collected from different regions of Iran at the Tehran University research farm, Mohamadshahr, Alborz, Iran. The most important morphological traits and amount of secondary metabolites, including crocin, picrocrocin, and safranal, were measured by using high-performance liquid chromatography.
Results: Analysis of variance showed significant differences among accessions for studied traits in three consecutive harvests. Qaenat accession had the highest means of obtaining the most morphological characteristics. The factor analysis based on PCA showed that the two first components explained 97 percent of the total variance of traits. The traits of leaf length, stigma fresh weight, stigma length, and safranal in the first component and picrocrocin, crocin, and petal length in the second component had the most positive role in justifying 66.7 percent of the total variance, respectively. Based on cluster analysis, accessions were divided into five clusters. The Qaenat and Firdos 16 accessions had the most genetic similarity, and the Qaenat and Arak accessions had the farthest genetic distance. Moreover, the studied traits are divided into three clusters, so that the amount of crocin and picrocrocin and petal length are in the first category, the amount of safranal, the length of leaf, length of stigma and length of flower, fresh weight of flower and stigma are in the second category, and the final yield, the total number of flowers, and dry weight of stigma are in the third category.
Conclusion: Although studied accessions were cultivated and preserved in the same geographical environment, they had significant differences at morphological and phytochemical levels. Therefore, it can be concluded that the origin of the observed diversity is the result of the existence of diversity at the genome, transcriptome, or epigenome levels.
Ali Hadi Almamouri; Mohsen Ebrahimi; Khalil ZeinaliNejad
Abstract
Objective: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the first grain in the world in terms of its importance and amount of production. The aim of this research is to find the genetic diversity among the spring wheat genotypes for use in crop breeding programs.Methods: For this purpose, the genetic diversity of ...
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Objective: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the first grain in the world in terms of its importance and amount of production. The aim of this research is to find the genetic diversity among the spring wheat genotypes for use in crop breeding programs.Methods: For this purpose, the genetic diversity of 32 spring wheat genotypes cultivated in the Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in the crop year of 1401-1400 was investigated by measuring 12 kernel and flour quality traits.Results: The results of analysis of principal components illustrated that the first five components explained a total of 89.05 percent of the variation among traits. The cluster analysis divided the studied genotypes into four groups. Based on the obtained results, the cultivars in the first group, all of which were Iranian, had the highest values of grain gluten, flour gluten and flour protein. The second group, which included the genotypes of Iraq, had the highest values in terms of grain moisture and index, and the lowest values in terms of flour protein, falling number, and hectoliter.Conclusion: The studied spring wheat cultivars showed high genetic diversity in terms of traits. Therefore, suitable parents can be selected based on the desired trait, for crossing between cultivars in future breeding programs.
Amin Arjmand; Mohsen Ebrahimi; MohammadReza Bihamta; Narges Moradi
Abstract
Objective: Marshmallow (Althaea spp.) is a plant belonging to the Malvaceae family and is native to Asia, South Africa, and America. It is found in Iranian natural pastures throughout the country. The purpose of this research is to identify the best ecotypes of Golkhtami in terms of phytochemical traits ...
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Objective: Marshmallow (Althaea spp.) is a plant belonging to the Malvaceae family and is native to Asia, South Africa, and America. It is found in Iranian natural pastures throughout the country. The purpose of this research is to identify the best ecotypes of Golkhtami in terms of phytochemical traits studied in this experiment and to introduce the best ecotypes for further research and to be used as crossbreeding parents in crossbreeding projects.
Methods: In this study which was investigated in nine ecotypes and three different species, phytochemical traits including total flavonoid content, total anthocyanin content, tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory activity, and cholinesterase inhibitory activity were evaluated in different ecotypes of marshmallow.
Results: The results showed that the Kermanshah ecotype of Althaea officinalis had the highest amount of flavonoids (18.47 mg of quercetin per gram of extract) and cholinesterase inhibitory activity (28.37 mg/ml based on IC50), while the Bushehr ecotype of A. ficifolia had the highest amount of anthocyanins (6.45 mg) and the Yazd ecotype of A. officinalis had the highest tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory activity (84.25 mg/ml based on IC50). Pearson's correlation coefficients revealed a positive and significant correlation between the investigated traits. In orthogonal comparisons, the Kermanshah, Mazandaran, and Isfahan ecotypes of A. officinalis had the highest levels of flavonoids and cholinesterase inhibitory activity. Cluster analysis by the WARD method showed that the ecotypes related to one species were placed in one group.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that the studied species and ecotypes have high diversity, which can be useful for improvement and selection of phytochemical traits in marshmallow. The investigated ecotypes can be used as the base population and initial parents of the cross in further experiments.
Mohsen Ebrahimi; Mohammad Golbashi; MohammadReza Bihamta; Abdolhadi Hossein zadeh; Manijeh Khiyalparast
Volume 13, Issue 2 , March 2012, , Pages 27-40
Abstract
To study the phenotypic and genotypic diversity of some important agronomic traits associated with yield in white beans, 30 genotypes of white bean were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with four replications in two environments under water stress and non stress conditions. Analysis ...
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To study the phenotypic and genotypic diversity of some important agronomic traits associated with yield in white beans, 30 genotypes of white bean were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with four replications in two environments under water stress and non stress conditions. Analysis of variance for most of the traits showed significant differences among genotypes, indicating the existence of genetic variation among varieties. Most traits were affected by the stress. The results indicated that grain yield, weight of pod, biological yield, number of grain per plant and number of pod per plant in white bean reduced under water stress condition whereas, evaluation of drought resistance in bean genotypes, showed that stress tolerance index (STI) and mean productivity (MP) and geometric mean productivity (GMP) were the best criteria for recognizing tolerant genotypes (21 and 30). Under both condition weight of pod was highly correlated with the grain yield. Factor analysis was performed for genotypes both under water stress and non stress conditions and under both conditions three common factor have been extracted, which described most of traits variations. Stepwise regression analysis showed that in water stress conditions, pod weight, harvest index, 100 grain weight and number of grain per plant and in non stress conditions pod weight, harvest index and biological yield have the highest effect on grain yield. Result of path analysis showed that the highest direct positive effect was related to weight of pod under both condition. In classification of genotypes based on phenotypic characteristics, using cluster analysis (UPGMA), all genotypes classification into three separate groups under non stress and stress condition.