Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

In order to study the effect of mycorrhiza and foliar nano (Fe and Zn) oxide spraying on yield and some biochemical traits of spring safflower (cultivar Padedeh) under water limitation condition, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of the Islamic Azad University, Ardabil Branch in cropping year of 2014. The experimental factors were included arboscular mycorrhiza application in two levels (with and without mycorrhiza), foliar application of nano zinc oxide in four levels (non-foliar application and foliar application of nano iron oxide, nano zinc oxide and nano zinc oxide + nano iron oxide) and irrigation in three levels [full irrigation as control, irrigation with holding at 50% of flowering and heading-bud stages (moderate and severe water limitation respectively)]. Results showed that water limitation was increased proline content, the activity of catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase enzymes. Mycorrhiza application and foliar nano (Fe and Zn) oxide spraying improved these traits under water limitation condition and normal irrigation. Means comparison showed that maximum of grain yield (2278.52 kg ha-1) was obtained at application of mycorrhiza, nano oxide of Zn+Fe and full irrigation. Minimum of it (834.25 kg ha-1) was obtained in non-mycorrhiza, no application of nano oxide and irrigation to heading-bud stage. Application of mycorrhiza and nano oxide of Zn+Fe increased grain yield by 35.9% as compared with non-mycorrhiza, non-foliar application of nano oxide under severe water limitation. It seems that mycorrhiza and nano oxide of Zn+Fe application is usable for profitable safflowerproduction under water limitation condition.

Keywords

سید شریفی ر (1394) زراعت دانه‌های روغنی. انتشارات جهاد دانشگاهی اردبیل. 232 ص.
سید شریفی ر و نامور ع (1394) کودهای زیستی در زراعت. انتشارات دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی. 282 ص.
میرزاخانی م، اردکانی م‌ر، آینه‌بند ا و رجایی ف (1388) اثرات تلقیح با ازتوباکتر و میکوریزا در سطوح مختلف از نیتروزن و فسفر بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گلرنگ بهاره. دهمین کنگرة زراعت و اصلاح نباتات. 4-6 شهریور. کرج، ایران.
خوش‌گفتارمنش ا (1386) مبانی تغذیة گیاهی. انتشارات دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان. 462 ص.
Abdalla MM and El-khoshiban NH (2007) The influence of water stress on growth, relative water content, photosynthetic pigments, some metabolic and hormonal contents of two Triticium aestivum cultivars. Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 3(12): 2062-2074.
Abdel Latef AA (2010) Changes of antioxidative enzymes in salinity tolerance among different wheat cultivars. Cereal Research Communications. 38: 43-55.
Ahmad P and Prasad MNV (2012) Abiotic Stress Responses in Plants: Metabolism, Productivity and Sustainability. Springer, New YorkDordrechtHeidelbergLondon.
Ahmadi A and Baker DA (2001) The effect of water stress on grain filling processes in wheat. Journal of Agricultural Science. 136: 257-269.
Al-Karaki GN, McMichael B and Zak J (2004) Field response of wheat to arbuscular mycorrhizalfungi and drought stress. Mycorrhiza. 14: 263-269
Arnon DI (1949) Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplast polyphenol oxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology. 24(1):1-15.
Ashraf M and Foolad MR (2007) Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 59:206-216.
Bates L, Waldren SRP and Teare ID (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39:205-207.
Baybordi A and Mamedov G (2010) Evaluation of application methods for efficiency of zinc and iron for Canola (Brssica napus L.). Notulae Scientia Biologicae. 2(1): 94-103.
Blokhina O, Virolainen E and Fagerstedt, KV (2003) Antioxidants, oxidative damage and oxygen deprivation stress. Annals of Botany. 91(2): 179-194.
Cacmak I (2000) Possible roles of zinc in protecting plant cells from damage by reactive oxygen species. NewPhytologist. 146:185-205.
Cattivelli L, Rizza F, Badeck FW, Mazzucotelli E, Mastrangelo AM, Francia E, Mare C, Tondelliand A and Stanca M (2008) Drought tolerance improvement in crop plants: An integrated view from breeding to genomics. Field Crops Research. 105(1-2): 1-14.
Çiçek N and Çakirlar H (2002) The effect of salinity on some physiological parameters in two maize cultivars. Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology. 28(1-2): 66-74.
Davies JR., Puryear JD, Newton RJ, Egill JN and Grossi JAS (2001) Mycorrhizla fungi enhance accumulation and tolerance of chromium in sunflower. Journal of Plant Physiology. 158: 777-786.
Demir S (2004) Influence of arbuscular mycorrhiza on some physiological‚ growth parameters of pepper. Turkish Journal Biology. 28: 85-90.
Gamalero E, Berta GandGlick BR (2009) The use of microorganisms to facilitate the growth of plants in saline soils. In: Khan, MS., Zaidi, A., Musarrat, J. editors. Microbial strategies for crop improvement. DordrechtHeidelberg, London: Springer, pp. 1-22.
Gilick BE, Penrose D and Wenbo M (2001) Bacterial promotion of plant growth. Biotechnological  Advance. 19: 135-138.
Graham RD, Asher S and Hynes SC (1992) Selecting zinc-efficient genotypes for soils of low zinc status.Plant and Soil. 146:241-250.
Gusain YS, Singh US and Sharma AK (2015) Bacterial mediated amelioration of drought stress in drought tolerant and susceptible cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.). African Journal of Biotechnology. 14(9): 764-773.
Hussain A, Ghaudhry MR, Wajad A, Ahmed A, Rafiq M, Ibrahim M and Goheer  AR (2004).Influence of water stress on growth, yield and radiation use efficiency of various wheat cultivars. International Journal of Agricultural Biology. 6: 1074-1079.
Jain R, Srivastava S, Solomon S, Shrivastava AK and Chandra A (2010) Impact of excess zinc on growth parameters, cell division, nutrient accumulation, photosynthetic pigments and oxidative stress of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.). Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 32(5): 979-986.
Joshi NL, Mali PC and Sexena A (1998) Effect of nitrogen and sulphur application on yield and fatty acid composition of mustard (Brassica juncia L.). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 180: 59-63.
Kaya C and Higgs D (2002) Response of tomato (Lycopersicom esculentum L.) cultivars to foliar application of zinc when grown in sand culture at low zinc. Scientia Horticulturae. 93: 53-64.
Khalafallah AA and Abo-Ghalia HH (2008) Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the metabolic products and activity of antioxidant system in wheat plants subjected to short-term water stress, followed by recovery at different growth stages. Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 4: 559-569.
Kobraee S, Shamsi K and Rasekhi B (2011) Effect of micronutrients application on yield and yield components of soybean. Annals of Biological Research. 2 (2): 476-482
Lee S, Kim S, Kim S and Lee I (2012) Assement of phytoxicity if ZnO NPs on a medicinal plant, Fogopyrum esculentom. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 10: 8-12.
Ma Y, Prasad MNV, Rajkumar M and Freitas H (2011) Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and endophytes accelerate phytoremediation of metalliferous soils. Biotechnology Advances. 29(2): 248-258.
Mandhania S, Madan S and Sawhney V (2006) Antioxidant defense mechanism under salt stress in wheat seedlings. Biologia Plantarum. 50(2): 227-231.
Mazaherinia S, Astaraei AR, Fotovat A and Monshi A (2010)Nano iron oxide particles efficiency on Fe , Mn , Zn and Cu concentrations in wheat plant. World Applied Sciences Journal. 7(1): 36-40.
Mittler R (2002) Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends in Plant Science. 7:405-410.
Moller IM, Jensen, PE, Hansson A (2007) Oxidative modifications to cellular components in plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 58: 459-481.
Monica RC and Cremonini R (2009) Nanoparticles and higher plants. Caryologia. 62: 161-165.
Movahhedi Dehnavi M, Modarres Sanavi AM, Soroush-Zade A and Jalali M (2004) Changes of proline, total soluble sugars, chlorophyll (SPAD) content and chlorophyll fluorescence in safflower varieties under drought stress and foliar application of zinc and maganese. Biaban. 9(1): 93-110.
Murray DR (1989). Biology of fool irradiation. Research Studies Press, UK. Esmith, DS. 1991. Growth responses of corn (Zea mays L.) to interminating of soil water dificits. Feild Crops Abstracts, pp. 237.
Oraki H, Parhizkar Khanjani F and Aghaalikhna, M (2012) Effect of water deficit stress on proline contents, soluble sugars, chlorophyll and grain yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids. African Journal of Biotechnology. 11: 164-168.
Panwar JDS (1991) Effect of VAM and Azospirillum brasilenseon photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and grainyield in wheat. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 34: 357-361.
Prasad TN, Sudhakar P, Sreenivasulu Y, Latha P, Munaswamy V, Raja Reddy K, Sreeprasad TS and Sajanlal PR (2012) Effect of nanoscale zinc oxide particles on the germination, growth and yield of peanut. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 35:905-927.
Rose LA, Feltion WL and Banks LW (2002) Responses of four soybean variations to foliar zinc fertilizer. Australian Journal of  Experimental Agriculture. 21: 236-240.
Sairam RK, Rao KV and Saivastava GC (2002). Differential response of wheat genotypes to long term salinity stress in relation to oxidative stress; antioxidant activity and osmolyte concentration. Plant Science. 163: 1037-1046.
Sanchez F, De Andres EF, Tenorio JL and Ayerbe L (2003). Growth of epicotyls, turgor maintenance and osmotic adjustment in pea plants (Pisum sativum L.) subjected to water stress. Field Crop Research. 86: 81-90.
Sannazzaro AI, Alberto E, Ruiz OA and Menendez B (2005) Influence of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices on the saline stress physiology of Lotus glaber. Lotus Newsletter. 35: 29-30.
Seyed Sharifi R (2016)Application of biofertilizers and zinc increases yield,nodulation and unsaturated fatty acids of soybean.Zemdirbyste-Agriculture. 103(3): 251-258.
Sharma A, Johri BN, Sharma AK and Glick BR (2003). Plant growth promoting bacterium Pseudomonos sp. Strain GRP3 influences iron acquisition in mungbean. Soil Biology. 35:
 887-894.
Shehata M and EL-Khawas SA (2003). Effect of two biofertilizers on growth parameters, yield characters, nitrogenous components, nucleic acids content, minerals, oil content, protein profiles and DNA banding pattern of sunflower yield. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science. 6(14):1257-1268.
Soleimanzadeh H, Habibi D, Ardakani MR, Paknejad Fand Rejali F (2010) Response of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to inoculation with azotobacter under different nitrogen levels. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Enviromental Sciences. 7(3): 265-268.
Sudhakar C, Lakshmi A and Giridara Kumar S (2001) Changes in the antioxidant enzyme efficacy in two high yielding genotypes of mulberry (Morus alba L.) under NaCl salinity. Plant Science. 167:613-619.
Tambussi EA, Nogues S and Araus JL (2005) Ear of durum wheat under water stress: water relations and photosynthetic metabolism. Planta. 221: 446-458.
Thalooth AT, Tawfik MM and Magda Mohamed H (2006) A comparative study on the effect of foliar application of zinc, potassium and magnesium on growth, yield and some chemical constituents of mungbean plants grown under water stress conditions. World Journal  Agricultural Science. 2: 37-46.
Welch RM, Allaway WH, House WA and Kabota J(1991) Geographic distribution of trace elemant problem. PP. 31-57. In: Micronutrients in Agriclture. 2nd ed. Ed: J. J. Mortvedt et al. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Madison, WI.
Zahedi H andTohidi Moghadam, HR (2011) Effect of drought stress on antioxidant enzymes activities with zeolite and selenium application in canola cultivars. Research on crops. 12(2): 388-392.
Zarrouk O, Gogorcena Y, Gomez-Aparisi J, Betran JA and Moreno MA (2005) Influence of Almond peach hybrids root stocks on flower and leaf mineral concentration, yield, vigour of two peach cultivars. Scientia Horticulturae. 106: 502-514.