Narges Khatun Jokar; Moazzam Hassanpour Asil
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effects of gibberellic acid and vermicompost on growth and flowering of daffodil flower, a factorial experiment has been conducted under greenhouse conditions, based on completely randomized design with 12 treatments and three replications and four samples in each replication. ...
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In order to evaluate the effects of gibberellic acid and vermicompost on growth and flowering of daffodil flower, a factorial experiment has been conducted under greenhouse conditions, based on completely randomized design with 12 treatments and three replications and four samples in each replication. The first factor involves vermicompost in four levels, namely 0 (control), 10%, 15%, and 20% of potted soil (V/V) and the second factor, three levels of gibberellic acid, 0 (control), 150, and 300 mg/L, all applied by dipping the bulbs for 48 hours. Results of analysis variance of the data show that the impacts of gibberellic acid and vermicompost on most traits such as leaf area, vase life, number of leaves, chlorophyll index, TSS, leaf phosphorus, and leaf potassium have displayed significant effects (P<0.01), compared to the control. Also gibberellic acid and vermicompost have had significant impacts (P<0.01) on carotenoid (0.28 mg.g-1Fw), leaf nitrogen (2.07%), root fresh weight (11 g), root dry weight (1.1 g), and stem diameter (8.11 mm). Also, the duration of flowering stem appearance has had significant effects (P<0.05). This study’s results show that the application of vermicompost at 20% level and gibberellic acid with a concentration of 300 mg/L have improved the growth and accelerated flowering with an average of 10 days, increasing the vase life of flowers with an average of four days with a noticeable difference, compared to the control.
Benjamin Torabi; Najebullah Ebrahimi; Afshin Soltani; Ebrahim Zeinali
Abstract
The present study was conducted to parameterize the SSM_iCrop model and evaluate the prediction of growth and development of faba bean in Gorgan climate condition. This study was carried out on faba bean cv."Barkat" as split-plot in randomized complete block design with four replications at Gorgan University ...
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The present study was conducted to parameterize the SSM_iCrop model and evaluate the prediction of growth and development of faba bean in Gorgan climate condition. This study was carried out on faba bean cv."Barkat" as split-plot in randomized complete block design with four replications at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in 2015-2016. The experimental factors consisted of planting date (27 November, 25 December and 31 January) and plant density (5, 15, 25 and 35 plants/m2). The parameters of phonological stages, leaf expansion and senescence, production and distribution of dry matter and water balance were estimated using the present data experiment and other data. The results of model evaluation showed that, it can well predict, days to flowering (RMSE = 3.8 and CV =4.1), days to maturity (RMSE = 11.9 and CV= 8.1), node number on main stem (RMSE = 1.7 and CV = 10.0), leaf area index (RMSE =0.8 CV =28.8), biological yield (RMSE = 158.5 and CV =21.6) and seed yield (RMSE = 118.6 and CV = 24.7). Therefore, the SSM_iCrop model can be used to evaluate the agronomic management and analyze the growth and yield of faba bean in Gorgan conditions.
Ahmad Golchin; Faezeh Farahmand Mofrad; Nader Khadem Moghadam Igdelou
Abstract
Peppermint is an important medicinal and aromatic plant which its oil content varies from one region to another region and as a function of fertilization, shadow, irrigation, and photoperiod. In order to study the effect of different levels of shadow and nitrogen on growth and oil performance of this ...
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Peppermint is an important medicinal and aromatic plant which its oil content varies from one region to another region and as a function of fertilization, shadow, irrigation, and photoperiod. In order to study the effect of different levels of shadow and nitrogen on growth and oil performance of this plant, a factorial experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with three replications in the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan during the 2014-2015 cropping season. The experimental factors were, shadow factor in four levels (S0: without shadow, S25: 25%, S50: 50%, and S75: 75% shadow) and nitrogen factor as Urea in four levels (N1: without nitrogen, N2:60, N3:120, and N4:180 mg N/kg). The results showed that the highest number of leaves per plant (936), leaf surface area (1688mm2), chlorophyll index (51.32), essential oil content (2.455%), and essential oil yield (0.37 g/box) were obtained from the S25N3 treatment. The highest shoot dry weight was measured in the S50N4 treatment and the S25N3 treatment with 8.36% difference stood in the second place. The highest leaf dry weight was observed in S25N3 (11.55 g/box). Treatments applied to plant height and numbers of branches were not significantly affected. Therefore, to obtain the highest concentration and performance of essential oil in peppermint, as well as to increase the number of leaves per plant and leaf surface area for marketable and edible consumption, the use of 25% shadow and the application of 120 mg/kg nitrogen are recommended.
Khiermohammad Mohammadi; Ali Ebadi; Mohammad Ali Askari Sarchishmeh; Mohammad Reza fattahi Moghaddam; Hossein Hokmabadi
Abstract
Plants employ antioxidant mechanism to face different stresses. In this research work the effect of salinity stress, caused by increasing sodium chloride, on the antioxidative system and some physiological characteristics of selected pistachio seedlings (Badami-Riz-e- Zarand, Qazvini, Sarakhs, Atlantica ...
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Plants employ antioxidant mechanism to face different stresses. In this research work the effect of salinity stress, caused by increasing sodium chloride, on the antioxidative system and some physiological characteristics of selected pistachio seedlings (Badami-Riz-e- Zarand, Qazvini, Sarakhs, Atlantica UCB1, and Hybrids of Pistacia. vera cv. Badami-Riz-e-Zarand × P. Integerrima, P. vera cv. Sharakhs× P. Integerrima, P. atlantica Desf. × P. Integerrima ) was studied. A greenhouse experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications in Cocopit and Perlite media. Treatments consisted of four salinity levels (0, 75, 150 and 225 mM NaCl) and above mentioned Root stocks. Using salt in nutrient solution was carried out in the second year of seedling growth for nine weeks. At the end of experiment, some physiological and biochemical traits of seedlings were measured. Results showed that, leaf area and total chlorophyll contents decreased in all treated plants. Under the salinity stress, a higher reduction in the observed traits was noticed in the Atlantica rootstock while less effect on the Badami-Riz-e-Zarand was noticed. Also, it has been found that by increasing salinity levels the levels of proline, total phenol content and antioxidant enzymes activity were higher in Badami-Riz-e-Zarand × P. Integerrima, Badami-Riz-Zarand and Qazvini compared to others. It seems that Hybrid of Badami-Riz-e-Zarand × P. Integerrima, Badami-Riz-Zarand and Qazvini rootstocks had more ability to sustain leaf water and proteins and therefore, were more resistant to salinity stress.
Salim Farzaneh; Mohammad Shamloeian; Raouf Seyed sharif; Sahram Kadihodad Kadihodad
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) seed coating with organic fertilizer of Teprosyn, Kadostim and Zagroot on the emergence and seedling growth characteristics as factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications in 2015 at the Faculty of Agriculture ...
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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) seed coating with organic fertilizer of Teprosyn, Kadostim and Zagroot on the emergence and seedling growth characteristics as factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications in 2015 at the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Mohaghegh Ardabili University under greenhouse conditions. The experiment factors included seed washing (washing without washing), hybrids (Shokoufa and pars) and different amounts of organic fertilizers of Teprosyn, Kadostim and Zagroot, with control and adhesive treatments. The results showed that seed washing treatment increased the percentage of emergence, velocity of emergence and the percentage of plant establishment, and decreased the time to 10 and 90% of the emergence. Percentage of seed emergence in seed coating treatments with Zagrot (20 ml per kg of seed), with 95% emergence, seed coating with Zagroot (30 ml per kg seed), with 94.16% emergence were superior to other treatments. The percentage of plant establishment in the Pars hybrid was higher than the Shokoufa. Among different treatments of seed coating, seed treatment with Zagroot, had the highest leaf area and root and leaf dry weight. In general, in this research, seed coating with Teprosyn and Zagroot improved seedling growth and increased plant establishment.
Babak Gholami; Faride Noroozi shahri; Farzad Mondani; Saeid Jalali honarmand; Mohsen Saeidi
Abstract
In order to evaluating effect of smoke-water and urea fertilizer on some growth indices, grain yield and yield components of wheat, a field experiment was conducted as a split plot based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The experiment was conducted during the season of 2015-2016 ...
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In order to evaluating effect of smoke-water and urea fertilizer on some growth indices, grain yield and yield components of wheat, a field experiment was conducted as a split plot based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The experiment was conducted during the season of 2015-2016 at Razi University Research Station, Iran. The experimental treatments were different levels of urea fertilizer application (included 90, 180, 300 and 360 kg ha-1) as main plot and leaf foliar application with different concentrations of smoke-water (included 0, 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1% and 1% v/v) as sub plot. The results showed that smoke-water significantly improved all evaluated traits and increased wheat grain yield compared to control treatment in all urea fertilizer levels. The highest grain yield (922 g m-2) was obtained in application of 350 kg ha-1 urea and smoke-water at concentration of 1% v/v and the lowest grain yield (339 g m-2) was related to application 90 kg ha-1 urea and foliar with distilled water. The grain yield improved 15.22%, 11.36%, 7.18% and 7.67% by application of 90, 180, 300 and 360 urea kg ha-1 respectively, in smoke-water 1% concentration compared to the control treatment. It seems that smoke-water via improve increasing nitrogen efficiency could increase growth indices and grain yield of wheat.
Maryam Tatari; Reza Abbasi alikamar
Abstract
In order to determine the best time and amount of Glycine Betaine (GB) in increasing tomato yield in drought stress condition, an experiment was carried out in Split Plots on RCBD design with four replications, during 2016. The experimental factors included main factor (irrigation period in 6 and 12 ...
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In order to determine the best time and amount of Glycine Betaine (GB) in increasing tomato yield in drought stress condition, an experiment was carried out in Split Plots on RCBD design with four replications, during 2016. The experimental factors included main factor (irrigation period in 6 and 12 days) and sub factors including time (in 3 levels including sowing, flowering and fruit set) and amount (in 3 levels including 0, 3 and 6 kgha-1) of GB application. The results from RWC, leaf area and electrolyte leakage showed the efficiency of GB application in stress condition. Using GB in non-stress condition led to decrease in fruit weight and no significant difference was observed between 3 and 6 kgha-1 dosages. In stress condition, 3 kgha-1 GB application in sowing, flowering and fruit set stage increased fruit weight by 33%, 40% and 60% respectively compare to average fruit weight of control treatments. Although the positives effect of 3 kgha-1 GB at flowering time on fruit yield was obvious (62% higher) in this study, it seems that the application of this amino acid in non-stress conditions had some toxic effects on tomato fruit yield.
Jasem Parkhideh; Taher Barzegar; Fattemeh Nekonam; Jafar Nikbakht
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of deficit irrigation stress on growth, yield and physiological traits of bitter apple (Citrullus colocynthis), the experiment was conducted with three replications. Irrigation levels were 100% ETc and two deficit irrigation 70% and 50% ETc. The results showed that deficit irrigation ...
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To evaluate the effect of deficit irrigation stress on growth, yield and physiological traits of bitter apple (Citrullus colocynthis), the experiment was conducted with three replications. Irrigation levels were 100% ETc and two deficit irrigation 70% and 50% ETc. The results showed that deficit irrigation stress significantly reduced growth and fruit yield. The lowest leaf area, plant length, fruit number per plant and fruit yield was obtained in deficit irrigation 50% ETc. Relative water content and chlorophyll content significantly decreased in response to increase in deficit irrigation stress. The increase in deficit irrigation stress resulted in higher peroxidase activity, electrolyte leakage and proline accumulation, although there was no significant difference between irrigation 100 and 70% ETc. Deficit irrigation 70% ETc saved 30% of irrigation water with a 15.5% reduction in fruit yield, so caused 16.8% increase in water use efficiency. Therefore, under limited irrigation water, it is recommended to irrigate bitter apple plants at 70% ETc irrigation to produce not only the same yields, approximately, but also to save more of water as compared to 100% ETc treatment.
Negar Heidarian; Taher Barzegar; Zahra Ghahremani
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effect of water stress on the growth, yield and fruit quality of some Iranian melon accessions, an experiment was carried out in a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replicates in research filed of university of Zanjan as during 2015. Treatments consisted ...
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In order to evaluate the effect of water stress on the growth, yield and fruit quality of some Iranian melon accessions, an experiment was carried out in a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replicates in research filed of university of Zanjan as during 2015. Treatments consisted arrangement of three irrigation levels (starting irrigation at 100, 70 and 40% ETc) and 8 accessions of Iranian melon (‘Ghalam’ ‘Ghash’, ‘Roshe’, ‘Zerke’, ‘Khatooni’, ‘Rish Baba’, ‘Ghobadloo’, ‘Garake’ and ‘Kalyar’). The results showed that water deficit stress significantly reduced growth and fruit yield. The lowest yield (18223.1 kg/ha), fruit weight (1057.94 gr), number of fruits per plant (1.75), leaf area (124.257 cm2) and the highest leaf dry weight (21%) was obtained in water deficit stress 40% ETc. Accessions had different growth and fruit yield. In all accessions, growth and fruit yield was reduced by increasing of water deficit stress, but leaf dry weight, TSS and water use efficiency was increased. The highest amount of leaf area (410.279 cm2), yield (49881.33 kg/ha) and fruit weight (2270.9 gr) was obtained in ‘Ghalam Ghash’ under 100% ETc irrigation. Also the maximum water use efficiency was observed in "Khatooni" and ‘Ghalam Ghash’ under water deficit 40% ETc. According to the results, ‘Zerke’ and ‘Rish Baba’ with highest (65.17%) and lowest (41.16 %) yield reduction respectively under irrigation 40% ETc were sensitive and tolerance accession to the water stress compared to normal irrigation.
Jafar Pourreza; Afshin Soltani
Abstract
In order to the study of leaf production and senescence of different wheat cultivars, two Field experiments as a Randomized Complete Block Design using 15 wheat cultivars were conducted at the research farm of the Islamic Azad University of Ramhormoz Branch ((latitude 31.16°N, 49.36°E and ...
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In order to the study of leaf production and senescence of different wheat cultivars, two Field experiments as a Randomized Complete Block Design using 15 wheat cultivars were conducted at the research farm of the Islamic Azad University of Ramhormoz Branch ((latitude 31.16°N, 49.36°E and 151 m asl) in 2006-7 and 2007-8. Results indicated that at first stage of leaf production, to increase one leaf on main stem, 1.32 leaves added to plant leaves. after production of five leaves on main stem and starting of plant tillering (second phase of leaf plant production) to increase one leaf on main stem, almost five leaves added to plant leaves. The study of leaf senescence showed that leaves senescent occurred at two phases like situation of two-phases production of leaf on plant. At first phase, for every increase of one percent in fraction senesced leaves on main stem, fraction of senesced leaves per plant had an increase of 0.71. This increase continued until the fraction of senesced leaves on the main stem reached to 0.28, in other words, when 28 percent of the main stem leaves were senesced. In the second stage, each unit increase in fraction senesced leaves on the main stem was caused a 1.16-unit increase in senesced leaves per plant. Hence, knowing the differences among hybrids in leaf area attributes may be useful in plant breeding, crop management and in simulation models of wheat.
Behnam Alizadeh; Zahra Ghahremani; Taher Barzegar; Jaefar Nikbakht
Abstract
In order to study the effect of putrescine on the growth, yield and fruit quality of Sweet pepper (Capsicuum annum cv. Dimaz) under water stress, an experiment was conducted in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the research filed of university of Zanjan. ...
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In order to study the effect of putrescine on the growth, yield and fruit quality of Sweet pepper (Capsicuum annum cv. Dimaz) under water stress, an experiment was conducted in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the research filed of university of Zanjan. Treatments consisted of three irrigation levels (50, 75 and 100% ETc) and putrescine were included four levels (0 (control), 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM). The results showed that water deficit stress reduced growth and fruit yield of sweet pepper. The highest growth, fruit number, yield and vitamin C content was obtained in irrigation 100%, ETc and TSS in 75% ETc. Foliar application of putrescine improved growth and fruit yield. The highest plant growth, plant height (67.00 cm), leaf area (5887.28 cm2), chlorophyll content (2.2 μg /g), plant dry weight (29.41 ETc), vitamin C (42.67 mg/100ml), fruit chlorophyll (0.18 μg /g), fruit length (16.56 cm), fruit number (268.00), fruit yield per plant (0.45 kg) and total yield per hectare (9.98 ton) was obtained with foliar spray of 1.5 mM putrescine under 100% ETc irrigation. According to the results, application of 1.5 mM putrescine can be proposed to improve growth and fruit yield of pepper under water deficit stress.
Ghodrat Ali Talaei; Younes Sharghi; Hoeesin Zahedi; Seyed Ali Mohammad Modarres-Sanavy; Seyed Ali Alavi Asl
Abstract
To reduce the damages of water deficit stress on safflower with zeolite and chitosan, an experiment was conducted as split plot factorial in randomized complete block design with three replication at the field Research Station of agricultural Faculty of Tarbiat Modares University during the 2012 growing. ...
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To reduce the damages of water deficit stress on safflower with zeolite and chitosan, an experiment was conducted as split plot factorial in randomized complete block design with three replication at the field Research Station of agricultural Faculty of Tarbiat Modares University during the 2012 growing. Treatments were water deficit stress {(control (Irrigation after 50 percent), moderate stress (Irrigation after 65 percent) and intensive stress (Irrigation after 80 percent) discharge of available moisture}, zeolite (control and 4.5 ton hec-1) and chitosan (non sprayed, distilled water, 1 percent acetic acid, 0.05 percent chitosan and 0.5 percent chitosan). Result showed that intense stress decreased yield, half the maximum value compared to control but whit zeolite and 0.05 percent chitosan this amount was reduced to 19 percent. Oil yield increased under non-zeolite application and intensive water deficit with foliar application of 0.05 percent chitosan, about 63 percent. Application of zeolite and 0.5 percent chitosan showed the highest number of capitol that was 26 percent higher than zeolite application and non sprayed. We conclude that zeolite and chitosan application can reduce damages of water deficit stress and increase growth and yield of this plant.
Elham Rastegari; Shahab Maddah Hosseini; Arman Azari
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effect of irrigation intervals on the vegetative growth and grain yield of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.)and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.), a field split plot experiment was conducted based on the randomized complete blocks design with four replications in research farm ...
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In order to evaluate the effect of irrigation intervals on the vegetative growth and grain yield of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.)and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.), a field split plot experiment was conducted based on the randomized complete blocks design with four replications in research farm of Vali–e–Asr University of Rafsanjan during April to July, 2013. Main plots were irrigation levels including 40, 60, 80 and 100 mm evaporation from evaporation pan class A and sub plots were crop species in two levels as grass pea and hairy vetch. Result showed that 66 days after sowing (two weeks before flowering), relative water content (RWC) of grass pea and hairy vetch leaves significantly reduced by increasing irrigation amount more than 40 mm, however there were no significant differences between 60, 80 and 100 mm. Also, plant leaf area and biomass of grass pea and vetch were reduced by increasing irrigation level (77 and 73 percent, respectively). Both crops had similar biomass (1.1 and 1.2 g. plant -1 for control and 0.5 and 0.6 for 100 mm irrigation treatments for grass pea and vetch, respectively), while the grass pea had higher leaf area than hairy vetch (4 to 9 folded). Finally, yield and yield components of both crops decreased by irrigation interval, although grass pea had always higher yield components, as grain yield, 1000 grains weight, seed number and pod number per plant at 100 mm irrigation treatment were 4.8, 2.4, 3.7 and 3.2 fold higher than vetch. Results suggest that both crops well tolerated increasing irrigation interval and they were suitable for forage production if harvested at the flowering stage. However, grass pea was better for grain production and had higher drought tolerance.
Mohammad saeed Hasanvandi; Masoud Rafiee; Azimeh bagheri
Abstract
Growth analysis is a valuable method in the quantitative analysis of crop growth, development and cropproduction. In order to evaluate effects of nitrogen rates and plant density on physiological growth indicesof safflower, an experiment was conducted at Khorramabad, Lorestan province in 2008. The experimentwas ...
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Growth analysis is a valuable method in the quantitative analysis of crop growth, development and cropproduction. In order to evaluate effects of nitrogen rates and plant density on physiological growth indicesof safflower, an experiment was conducted at Khorramabad, Lorestan province in 2008. The experimentwas carried out as split plot in basis of randomized complete block design with four replications. Threenitrogen application rates were as main plots (N1=control, N2=75 and N3=150 kg/ha net nitrogen) andplant density was as sub plots in 3 levels (D1=40, D2=50 and D3=60 plant/m2). The growth degree dayindex was used to examine more closely fitting growth curves using non-linear regression models.Appropriate model was selected for each growth index. The results showed that application of nitrogenled to increasing of growth indexes including leaf area, total dry matter and crop growth rate. But, netassimilation rate was reduced. Growth indexes such as, leaf area, total dry matter, did not change withincreasing plant density, due to branching of safflower. However, crop growth and net assimilation ratewere reduced in plants. Overall, the results show that applied nitrogen has a more positive effect onsafflower growth index compared to density changes.
Lotfali Saadeghi-Azar; Shahab Madah Hoseini; Asghar Rahimi; Ali Akbar Mohammadi Mirik
Abstract
To investigate the effects of salinity stress on some germination and vegetative growth indices of lentil (Lens culinaris Medic) genotypes, two separate experiments were conducted at glasshouse and laboratory of College of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan. In the first one, three electrical ...
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To investigate the effects of salinity stress on some germination and vegetative growth indices of lentil (Lens culinaris Medic) genotypes, two separate experiments were conducted at glasshouse and laboratory of College of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan. In the first one, three electrical conductivities (including one, three and seven dS.m-1) were applied on germinating seeds of seven accessions and two cultivars of lentil and germination indices were investigated. In the second experiment, same salinities were applied on soils of pots on the same genotypes. After four weeks, dry mass and leaf areas were measured. Results showed that germination percentage, radical to plumule ratio, leaf area and dry matter per plant reduced with increasing in salinity levels; however there was no significant difference between EC= 4 and 7, except for germination percentage. On the other hand, considerable genotypic variation was observed in response to salinity in both stages but there was no significant correlation between tolerance to salinity in germination and vegetative growth phases. In the situation of this study, it seems that damage to growth at germination and vegetative phase induced by EC= 7 was relatively higher than EC=4.
Hossein Nastari Nasrabadi; Hossein Nemati; Ali Reza Sobhani; Hossein Aroiee
Abstract
Using mulch to decrease and optimize water use, increase yield and fruit quality is known as a practical method. For this purpose, a split-factorial experiment based on complete block design with three replications on two melon cultivars was conducted in Torbat-e-Jam, Iran. Interval irrigation treatments ...
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Using mulch to decrease and optimize water use, increase yield and fruit quality is known as a practical method. For this purpose, a split-factorial experiment based on complete block design with three replications on two melon cultivars was conducted in Torbat-e-Jam, Iran. Interval irrigation treatments in three levels (six, eight and 10 days) were considered as main plot and mulch (rice straw and paddy, plastic and no mulch) and cultivar (Khatooni and Ghasri) were considered as sub plots in a factorial design. Results showed that there was a significant difference between plastic mulch and the control and also between interval irrigation treatments for yield, sugar percentage, resistance to damping off and spider mite, leaf area and soil moisture. The largest leaf area and soil moisture was observed with plastic mulch. The largest contamination to spider mite and damping off were occurred using straw plus paddy rice mulch. Plastic mulch increased the sugar percentage of both cultivars as well. Plastic mulch for six day interval irrigation increased yield and fruit quality through increased yield and fruit quality to increase for more than eight day interval irrigation. Regarding the advantages of plastic mulch for reduction of water use and improvement of yield and fruit quality, using plastic mulches is recommended for dry lands.