Mohammad Zamanian; Farid Golzardi; Ali Mahrokh; Farhad Azizi; Masoud Torabi; Vida Ghotbi; Mohammad ali Mofidian; Vahid Rahjoo; Elias Soltani
Abstract
The present study is conducted to separate the effective and influential management factors in the production of clover forage in Iran and to identify its limiting factors. In this study, the data obtained from 68 research projects conducted by the Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization ...
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The present study is conducted to separate the effective and influential management factors in the production of clover forage in Iran and to identify its limiting factors. In this study, the data obtained from 68 research projects conducted by the Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO) throughout the country during the 2009-2020 years have been analyzed, using the meta-analysis method. The results show that planting date -3.31%, planting method -22.82%, species +40.14%, seeding rate (planting density) +1.53%, drought stress -16.16 %, and phenological stage of forage harvesting -15.42% justify the amount of forage clover variation. Thus, fall planting in the middle of September, basin planting method, choosing the Berseem clover species (Trifolium alexandrinum var. Karaj), the seeding rate of 15-20 kg ha-1 (for forage production), and forage harvesting at the phenological stage of 10-25% flowering, are the most important management and agronomic factors in increasing clover forage production in cold and temperate regions, and not complying with one or a set of these factors will reduce the clover production and will cause yield gap. Overall, the species, planting method, and drought stress are respectively recognized as the most important factors affecting clover forage yield in Iran.
Farhad Azizi; Ali Mahrokh; Vida Ghotbi; Farid Golzardi; Seyed Mohammad Ali Mofidian; Mohammad Zamanian; Vahid Rahjoo; Masoud Torabi; Elias Soltani
Abstract
To identify the limiting factors in forage maize production in Iran, this study has been carried out in order to separate the effective and influential management factors in forage maize production in the country with data. It is obtained from 43 final reports or their derived extracted articles in Agricultural ...
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To identify the limiting factors in forage maize production in Iran, this study has been carried out in order to separate the effective and influential management factors in forage maize production in the country with data. It is obtained from 43 final reports or their derived extracted articles in Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) with meta-analysis method. According to the results, plant density (5.65%), drought stress (-13.44%), cultivar (0.31%), planting date (2.54%), and nitrogen fertilizer (24%) justify the amount of forage maize variation. Based on the results of this study, forage yield has increased by about 9.49%, increasing plant density between 80 to 100 thousand plants per hectare. Maize forage yield has decreased significantly under mild stress, severe stress, and very severe drought stress by 25.30%, 14.38% and 8.99%, respectively. Also, for different cultivars and different groups of maturity, group-700 has had a significant increase of 3.83% compared to other groups. For the planting dates of forage maize compared to the control, which is the first half of June, a decrease in forage yield is observed. Finally, the highest percentage of increase in maize forage yield has been obtained from the use of 450 kg ha-1 of urea fertilizer. Overall, nitrogen fertilizer, drought stress, and planting density are recognized as the most important factors affecting corn forage yield in Iran, respectively.
Ali Mahrokh; Farid Golzardi; Farhad Azizi; seid mohammad ali mofidian; Mohammad Zamanian; Vahid Rahjoo; Masoud Torabi; Elias soltani
Abstract
To identify the limiting factors in grain maize production in Iran, a study has been carried out to particulate effective and influential management factors of this crop’s production in the country. The data come from 95 final reports or extracted articles in Agricultural Research, Education, and ...
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To identify the limiting factors in grain maize production in Iran, a study has been carried out to particulate effective and influential management factors of this crop’s production in the country. The data come from 95 final reports or extracted articles in Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), undergoing meta-analysis. Based on this study, of all grain maize variation, 2.93% is justified by plant density, 6.81% by planting structure, 11.12% by planting rotation, 2.28% by conservation agriculture, 25.28% by drought stress, 4.99% by cultivar, 4.46% by planting date, and 25.84% by nitrogen fertilizer. Accordingly, 100 thousand plants per hectare, zigzag double rows planting structure, maize-leguminous crops planting pattern, cultivating in residue, optimum irrigation without drought stress (in case of water availability), 700 maturity group cultivar (in case of adequate growing season), planting in May and early August in temperate and tropical climate, and using maximum 100-300 kg urea fertilizer per hectare are recommended to decrease yield gap in grain maize production.
Hosein Jahangiri; Enayatollah TohidiNejad; Masood Torabi; Poorandokht Golkar
Abstract
Effect of different planting ratios of oat (Avena sativa L.) and vetch (Vicia sativa L.) was assessed on quality and quantity of forage and silage in an intercropping system as completely randomized block design (RCBD) with four replications. The treatments were different planting ratios of oat and vetch ...
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Effect of different planting ratios of oat (Avena sativa L.) and vetch (Vicia sativa L.) was assessed on quality and quantity of forage and silage in an intercropping system as completely randomized block design (RCBD) with four replications. The treatments were different planting ratios of oat and vetch including 0:100, 20:80, 40:60, 50:50, 60:40, 80:20 and 100:0 (Oat-Vetch) formed as replacement series. The results indicated that the highest quantitative yield obtained from 40 percent: vetch + 60 percent oat where their fresh and dry matters were 62.88 and 15.72 ton/ha, respectively. The results obtained from analysis of variance showed, all the parameters including crude protein, butyric acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, Natural Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), propionic acid were significantly different with differing planting compositions except ethanol and ammoniac nitrogen. Monoculture of vetch (0-100) produced the highest level of crude protein, butyric acid and lactic acid whereas maximum acetic acid was obtained from 20 percent vetch + 80 percent oat. Maximum NDF and ADF observed from 40 percent vetch + 60 percent oat and the highest level of propionic acid were related to oat monoculture. Generally the ratio of 40 percent vetch + 60 percent oat with maximum of quality and quantity of yield was superior to others and it was acceptable as qualitative characteristics.